748 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. 



of their marshy lands and their islands, and created meadows on the re- 

 claimed soil. Something is even known regarding the color of their cat- 

 tle, namely, that they held those of a white color in religious veneration 

 The Friesians, from Oldenburg and the country near the mouth of the 

 Elbe, were compelled, through the inclemency of those regions — then in 

 their original condition of low alluvial swamps, inundated at every tide — 

 to desert them. It can also be shown that the inhabitants of this terri- 

 tory were unable to make sure provision for their own wants, because of 

 the robberies and piracies conmiitted by the Normans, ]>y dwellers on the 

 west coast of Denmark, people from Holstein and Schleswig, Jutes and 

 Angles. This was between the eighth and eleventh centuries. Giving 

 due weight to these statements, it cannot be doubted that the cultivation 

 of cattle in the Netherlands existed a long time before such a thing 

 could be thought of in Holstein. It is also quite as certain that the col- 

 onies from Friesland, Holland and Westphalia, carried with them their 

 cattle to Holstein. 



m. Dutch Cattle Older than those of Holstein. 

 Hence we see that, first, the Dutch race of cattle date from an older 

 descent than those of Holstein ; while, probably, second, the Holstein 

 cattle orginated from the Friesian breed and from that of the Dutch and 

 Westphalia emigrants. After this colonization, we have our attenticm 

 directed to another remarkable particular in the history of Dutch cattle. 



rv. Establishment of Regular Markets. 



From the fourteenth on till the eighteenth centur}', a large number of 

 Danish oxen were annually turned for pasture into the grassv meadows 

 of North Holland, and sold at the weekly North Holland cattle market. 

 The oldest of these cattle markets is that of the city of Hoorn. This 

 market was already established in 1311, and in 1339 the Danes and the 

 inhabitants of the Eyder, were allowed by Albrecht, duke of Bavaria, to 

 hold a weekly market there. In 1605, the Danish cattle market was re- 

 moved from Hoorn and transferred to Enkhujzen, when, in 1624, the 

 number of 1,179 oxen were sold. There was also in Amsterdam a lean- 

 cattle market, beginning in the Spring, in the month of April, l)ut held 

 at irregular periods, depending upon wind and weather, when cattle were 

 allowed to be conveyed thither from Denmark and Holstein to graze. 

 These were mostly brought by vessel. 



v. Importation of Danish Cattle into Friesland. 

 In the middle of the eighteenth century, it is mentioned that, owingto the 

 cattle-plague, the people were compelled to import from abroad all kinds 

 of small cattle, chiefly Danish. But, what was remarkable, however 



