COMPOSITE FAMILY. 183 



less leafy. Pappus of many slender and roughish bristles, surrounded at base 

 by a little cup or crown, consisting of many little scales or short stiff bristles 

 more or less united. Heads solitary terminating leafy stems or branches, 

 large and broad. Leaves sessile, coarsely toothed. Root annual. 



36. ASTER. Ray-flowers more or less numerous in one row. Involucre imbricated 



Pappus of very numerous slender roughish bristles ; no cup or crown of 

 short bristles outside. Heads usually panicled or corymbed. Root usually 

 perennial. 



37. ERIGERON. Ray-flowers numerous, narrow, and commonly occupying more 



than one row. Involucre more simple than in Aster, the scales narrower, 

 appressed, mostly of equal length and occupying only one or two rows, with- 

 out any leaf-like tips; and the pappus more scanty, often some minute short 

 and sometimes chaff-like bristles at the base of the long ones. 



# # Pappus not of long hair-like bristles, either a little cup or crown, or of a few 

 scales, teeth, awns, tfc., or none at all. 



i- No chaff on the receptacle among the flowers, except in 41-43 and some cultivated 

 and altered forms o/'44. Leaves mostly alternate. 



n- Akenes Jlat : rays pistillate, not yellow, at least in our species. 



88. BOLTONIA. Flowers resembling those of 36 and 37. Receptacle conical or 



hemispherical. Akenes very flat, obovate or obcordate with a callous margin 

 or wing: pappus of several minute and short bristles, and commonly 2 or 3 

 short awns. Leafy-stemmed, tall, branching herbs, with pale-green thickish 

 and chieflv entire leaves often turned edgewise. 



89. BRACHYCOME. Flowers like those of 36 or 37. Receptacle conical. Akenes 



flat, wingless: pappus a ring of minute short bristles or narrow scales united 

 into a short crown. 



40. BELLIS. Heads with numerous white, reddish, or purple rays. Receptacle 



high conical. Akenes flat, obovate, wingless: no pappus. Low herbs, with 

 solitary peduncled heads, and entire or merely toothed leaves. 



41. ACHILLEA. Heads mostly with few and white (rarely rose-red or yellow) 



rays. Receptacle small, flatfish, chaffy. Akenes oblong, margined: no 

 pappus. 



*-*. 4-- Akenes not fiat, nor boat-shaped: pappus a short crown or none : rays pistillate 

 and fertile except in 42. 



42. MARUTA. Rays neutral, white; othei'wise almost exactly as in the next. 



43. ANTHEMIS. Rays pistillate and fertile, numerous, white or sometimes yellow. 



Involucre of many small close-pressed scales. Receptacle convex, with some 

 slender chaff, at least at the centre. Akenes terete, mostly ribbed. Leaves 

 once to thrice pinnatclv divided. 



44. CHRYSANTHEMUM, including LEUCANTHEMUM and PYRETIIRUM. 



Rays pistillate and fertile, numerous. Receptacle convex or flat, without 

 chaff, except in some double-flowered varieties. Disk-flowers mostly with a 

 flattened tube. Pappus none. Otherwise nearly as in Anthemis. 



H-t- -w- 4-v Akenes top-shaped or oblong, not flattened nor incurred: pappus of 5- 10 

 conspicuous thin chaffy scutes tcith midrib more or less extended into a bristle 

 or awn: rays in one. row, not ren/ numerous, wedf/e-slniped, 3 5- cleft or lobed, 

 yellow or partly reddish or brownish-purpie t necer wltitt: involucre of separate 

 scales. 



45. HELENIUM. Rays pistillate. Involucre of a few small and narrow spreading 



or reflexed scales. Receptacle globular or conical. Heads mostly corymbed. 

 (. \kene and pappus, Lessons, p. 130, fig. 2!>4.) 



46. GAILLARDIA. Rays neutral, often psrtycdored. Involucre of two or more 



rows of loose leafy-tipped scales. Receptacle convex. Disk-flowers often 

 purple: the styles 'with very slender hispid branches. Heads solitary on slen- 

 der terminal peduncles. 



*-* *-+ - -- Akenes short, not incurred, covered with extremely lontj soft-silky hairs 

 (which must not be confounded irith pajtpus), hidiny the minute pappus of' many 

 delicate little scales : 'rays 7inierons in one row, neutral, yellow with dark- 

 colored spot at base, nearly entire : iiirolucrc of 2 or 3 rows of sltort scales 

 united in a cup. 



47. GAZANIA. Head solitary on a long terminal peduncle, large and showy, the 



rays expanding only in sunshine or bright daylight. Receptacle flat. Divk- 

 fldwers yellow: their style abruptly thickened below tho two short branches. 



