WILLOW FAMILY. 307 



"beneath, and even dark green above), and more papery bark than in White 

 Birch, separating in ample sheets. 



* * * Trunk with greenish-brown bark, hardly peeling in layers, reddish twigs 

 little aromatic, and oblong downy short-stalked catkins : wings of fruit broad. . 



B. nigra, EIVER or RED BIRCH. Middle-sized tree of low river-banks, 

 commonest S. : leaves rhombic-orate, whitish and mostly downy beneath. 



2. ALNUS, ALDER. (Ancient Latin name.) Small trees or shrubs, with 

 narrow leaf-buds of very few scales and often stalked, and catkins mostly 

 clustered or racemed on leafless branchlets or peduncles. 



1 . Flowers with the leaves in spring, the sterile from, catkins which were nakrd 

 over winter, while the fertile catkin was enclosed in a scaly bud. 



A. viridis, GREEX or MOUNTAIN ALDER. Only rather far N., and on 

 mountains: 3 -8 high; leaves round-oval or ovate, glutinous; fruit with 

 a broad thin wing. 



2. Flowers in earliest spring, much before the leaves, both sorts from catkins 

 which have remained naked over winter: wing of fruit narrow andthickish. 



A. serrulata, SMOOTH A. Common, especially S. : 6 -12 high, with 

 obovatc smooth or smoorhish leaves green both sides and sharply serrate. 



A. incana, SPECKLED or HOARY A. Common N. along streams : 8 -20 

 high ; with broadly oval or ovate leaves rounded at ba.se, serrate and often 

 coarsely toothed, whitened and commonly downy beneath. 



109. SALICACE^E, WILLOW FAMILY. 



Trees or shrubs, with bitter bark, soft light wood, alternate undi- 

 vided leaves, either persistent or deciduous stipules, and dioecious 

 flowers ; both kinds in catkins, one flower under each bract or scale, 

 the staminate of naked stamens only ; the fertile of a 1-celled ovary 

 which becomes a 2-valved pod with 2 parietal .or basal placentas, 

 bearing numerous seeds furnished with a tuft of long cottony down at 

 one end. 



1. SALIX. Scales of the catkins entire. Sterile flowers of few or rarely many 



stamens, accompanied by 1 or 2 little glands. Fertile flowers witli a little 

 gland at the base of the ovary on the inner side: stigmas 2, short, each 

 sometimes 2-lobed. Shrubs or trees with lithe branches, mostly 1-scaled 

 buds, and narrow leaves. 



2. POPULUS. Scales of the catkins cut or cleft at the apex. Flowers on a cup- 



shaped oblique disk. Stamens usually numerous. Stigmas long. Catkins 

 drooping; flowers preceding the leaves, these mostly broad. Buds scaly. 



1. SALIX, WILLOW, OSIEK, (The classical Latin name.) The Wil- 

 lows, especially the numerous wild ones, arc much too difficult for the be- 

 ginner to undertake. For their study the Manual must he used. The 

 following are the common ones planted from the Old World, with some of 

 the most tree-like wild ones. 



1. Stamens 2, but their filaments and often the anthers also united into one. 



S. purptirea, of Eu. : known by the reddish or olive-colored twigs, lateral 

 catkins before the leaves and with dark scales, red anthers, and sessile downy 

 ovary. 



2. Stamens 2 and separate. 



* Flowers earlier than the leaves: catkins sessile along the shoot of preceding year. 



S. viminalis, BASKET W. or OSIKR, of Eu., the twigs best for basket- 

 work ; has lance-linear entire slender-pointed leaves 3' -6' long and satiny-white 

 underneath. 



