satisfactory equipment and lack of 

 time. No data were collected on 

 changes in the rate of flow as in- 

 fluenced by the weather. 



The sap of 48 of the trees was 

 tested for sugar content, with the 

 following results: 



Total 



48 



Not all the trees in that area were 

 tapped, but it is evident that there is 

 material present to permit studying 

 the influence of weather on sap flow 

 in several classes of trees. 

 C. L. Stevens 



Hop Hornbeam Makes Good 

 Peavy Handles. Hop Hornbeam 

 (Ostrya virginiana) is sometimes 

 called leverwood because of its 

 toughness which adapts it for use as 

 pry bars. It is used to a limited ex- 

 tent commercially, but ordinarily it 

 if, cut as fuelwood. Unless carefully 

 dried it tends to check badly. Oc- 

 casionally, peavy handles are made 

 of hop hornbeam and are highly re- 

 garded because they stand up so well 

 under the roughest kind of treatment. 

 Twenty-five peavy handles were 

 hand-turned, 17 of them from bolts 

 cut in the near-by woods, and were 

 turned immediately. The other bolts 

 had been previously cut and dried. 



Green wood turns more easily than 

 dry wood, and can be seasoned with- 

 out checking if it is thoroughly 

 coated either with commercial wood 

 sealer or with ordinary varnish. De- 

 fects in the wood are not easily seen 

 until they are partly turned. If 

 serious defects appear, the bolt is 



24 



immediately discarded with little loss 

 of time and handling. When the 

 bolts are dried previous to turning, 

 both time and storage are involved 

 before a defective piece is finally 

 thrown away. The amount of de- 

 fect observed in the study was 25 

 per cent. 



Dry turned bolts do not need seal- 

 ing treatment, but because of check- 

 ing, often must be cut off at the ends 

 by several inches before turning. 

 Shrinkage must be taken into ac- 

 count when the wood is turned green 

 so that a well-fitting handle will re- 

 sult. 



L. C. SVTAIN 



Chain Saws Speed Up Thinning 

 Work in White Pine Plantation. It 

 takes 52.5 man-hours to cut and pile 



6.5 cords of four-foot pulp wood as 

 a thinning operation in a 35- to 40- 

 year-old white pine plantation. This 

 was determined by a time study 

 where four University of New Hamp- 

 shire seniors did the actual work. 

 The pine stand covers an area of 



1.06 acres. 



A 90-pound, six horsepower chain 

 saw was used in felling and for a 

 part of the bucking. Nearly as 

 nmch time was taken in getting the 

 tree to the ground after cutting as 

 in the actual cutting time. For ex- 

 ample, 10.3 seconds are required to 

 cut the average tree and 8.9 seconds 

 to get it into position for bucking. 

 An extra man with a push pole 

 speeds this job considerably. 



Limbing was not difficult as the 

 branches were small. This operation 

 took 1.9 minutes per tree. 



With the chain saw. the average 

 tree was bucked into four-foot 

 lengths in 1.6 minutes. It required 

 7.4 minutes for one man with a bow- 

 type pulp saw to do the same job. 

 The men quickly tired while using 

 the chain saw and the cuts were- 

 broomed on the small diameter 

 pieces. 



