30 COPEPODA 



theory, a much larger number of samples from May and June must be examined. Personally I think 

 that surface plancton like the Nauplius of C. f. are carried by the current from the south to the 

 north, increasing in size during the carriage, but also that not the smallest amount originates where 

 it lives, and begins to prosper when the Atlantic current makes its influence felt. Pauls en's con- 

 clusion that from August stage V is predominant south of Iceland is proved by a big and varied 

 material; a few samples taken by the Ingolf south-east of the Faeroes and of Iceland tells the same story. 



Paulsen has from the month of September examined a few samples from the north coast 

 with St. V in the majority. Samples taken by the East Greenland Expedition north-west of Iceland, 

 in Denmark Strait and south of Iceland tell the same story. 



Damas has in his interesting paper shown that the propagating of C.f. took place 2I -3/ 6 1904, 

 south of 67 L,. N. where the Atlantic and the North Polar current meet. The material brought home 

 by the Amdrup Expedition tells exactly the same story for '9- 2 4/ 6 1900, but as far north as 69 L,. N. 

 Damas suggested that the majority of the specimens of C. f., which inhabit the Northern Ocean 

 took their origin from this region, and, by the Gulf-Stream, were scattered all over the ocean. He 

 writes (1905 p. 19) "II est done extremement probable que nous avons par la reconnu le chemin suivi 

 par le reuouvellement printanier des Calanides et 1'origine des masses considerables de Calanus qui 

 peuplent en ete le Nord de 1'Ocean et y jouent un role si important" Gran had, however, in his 

 well known paper (1902 p. 64), found the C. f. in full propagation on the north-west coast of Norway 

 in April May, Paulsen has from Lofoten examined specimens in propagating from 2 4/j 16 / 3 1899 

 and Damas and Koefoed (1907 p. 390 391) have found it spawning not only along the coast of 

 Norway but also in the fjords of Spitzbergen ( 2( " 28 / 6 1905). The Due d'Orleans has taken C.f. 3 ? 

 near Cap Bismarck (7649 L. N. i8i3 L. W.) 2 ?/ 7 1905 in a depth of 100 meter, 3'/ 7 at St. 42 (78o6 

 L. N. I5o6 L. W.) 44280 m. C.f. was found cc (<??) and at St 47 (7647 L. N. 1^21 L. W.) 8 / 8 

 60 170 meter C.f. was found cc (<? ?). Even if no eggs or larvae were found together with the 

 adults at these localities, their presence confirms my view that propagation of C.f. sometimes takes 

 place on a large scale on the east coast of Greenland. 



Paulsen suggests in his concluding remarks "that the spring is perhaps not the only repro- 

 ductive period of Calanus finmarchicus, for the reason that we also find the adults of both sexes at 

 other times of the year almost everywhere, where fishing has been carried out in deep waters". 



In this he is probably right. He agrees with the different authors "that this species has its 

 principal reproductive period at any rate in the spring" (1906 p. 19). He is only right, if the spring 

 is defined as the period at which the waters reach a certain temperature and salinity, and which 

 varies according to the latitude from March (February?) to August (East Greenland). 



2. Calanus hyperboreus Kroyer. 

 (Plate I figs, i a d; textfigs. 6 a b). 



1838. Calanus hyperboreus n. sp. Kreyer, pp. 84, tab. IV, fig. 23. 1898. Calanus hyperboreus Kr. Giesbrecht & Schmeil, 



1842-45. - Kr. pi. 41, figs. 2 a g. p. 15. 



1849- Kr. pp. 542547, 559. ; 1899. Th. Scott, pp. 90-91. 



1892. Kr. Giesbrecht, p. 91, taf. 68. ! 1897. Vanhoffen, p. 278. 

 1898. Aurivilllus, pp. 8889. 



