8 CRUSTACEA MALACOSTRACA. III. 



that, f. inst, the distribution of Sphyrapus anomalus can be explained. This species is known from so 

 cold a locality as the Kara Sea, has been taken in large numbers in Lat. 69 24.6' N. off East Green- 

 land in 9 ii fath., along the whole coast of Norway, at two places in the cold area north of Iceland, 

 in large number in 582 fath., in the warm area in Davis Strait, and, besides, at numerous other places. 



Then the family Tanaidae. The whole literature contains two statements that animals of this 

 rich family have been taken pelagically. The most interesting is that of Stappers (1911), who recorded 

 two females of Pseudotanais forcipatus and one female of P. Lilljeborgii as taken in a vertical haul, 

 300 m., in Lat 76 26' N., long. 60 55' E. According to the map in his paper this place is only 

 about 10 sea-miles from the coast of Novaya Zemlya, and the sea there, according to a map in the 

 work on the "Vega" Expedition, is moderately shallow, the depth being between 100 and 180 m. As the 

 females of the two small species of Pseudotanais have no pleopods, I venture to say that they cannot 

 swim ; they have most probably been clinging to floating seaweed or some other object Thomas Scott 

 obtained the small Leptognathia breviremis in a vertical haul in Loch Fyne, but whether females of 

 this species, with their minute pleopods, are really able to swim is extremely doubtful, and the pelagic 

 capture of the species in that Loch does not prove that it is able to swim or live pelagically for any 

 time. And I think that nobody may suggest that the occurrence of this species of Leptognathia at 

 some of the deepest stations in the cold area far south of Jan Mayen, at three of the deepest stations 

 in the warm area in Davis Strait, in both cases a hundred sea-miles or far more from any coast 

 and at one of these stations in each area in a considerable number of specimens, can be explained by 

 the gathering in Loch Fyne, thus near the coast and in shallow water. 



In the report on the Tanaidacea I enumerated (p. 5) even 7 species of Tanaidse, among them 

 Leptognathia breviremis, as "taken both in the real cold area and at rather deep or very deep stations 

 in the warm area." The females of five of these species possess more or less developed pleopods, but 

 with the single exception of L. breviremis in Loch Fyue they have never been taken in a vertical 

 haul or a young-fish trawl. The females of two of the species have no pleopods, and it is of no 

 importance for the distribution of the species of Tanaidae that their males have the pleopods very well 

 developed, when these organs are feeble or quite absent in the females. The cases mentioned in my 

 report on the Tanaidacea are in reality so numerous, the distances between the stations in the cold 

 area so far from those in the warm area and vice versa, and, besides, the stations are frequently so 

 extremely far from any coast or from shallow water, that the extremely few observations recorded in 

 the literature on pelagic capture at moderate distance from, or near, the coast cannot be used to 

 explain away the occurrence of the 8 species at the bottom in both areas. 



Finally the above-mentioned Isopoda found in both areas. I think it impossible to imagine 

 that Calathura brachiata Stimps. and especially typical deep-sea animals as Munna acanthi/era n. sp. 

 or Haplonifsus quadrispinosus G. O. Sars can swim only half an hour. Calathura brachiata has been 

 taken several times in the warm area down to 799 fathoms, three times in the cold area down to 371 

 fathoms, and, besides, in the Kara Sea. The two other forms are typical deep-sea animals, both taken 

 three times in the one and several times in the other area; Munna acanthi/era going down to 762 

 fathoms in the cold and to 1199 fathoms in the warm area, Plaplomesus quadrispinosus to 1309 fathoms 

 in the cold and to 1870 fathoms in the warm area. These Isopoda corroborate my results as to the 



