48 PENNATUUDA, 



tions of the calyx are partly incorrect; the calyx, when it is correctly understood, will always give 

 good characters). 



Stages such as the last mentioned are immediately followed by others as for instance, the 

 specimen 400'" long from the Fseroe Isles. If we are first persuaded that the difference between 

 zLygomorphat and Halipteris with regard to the teeth of the polyp-calyx, is only a difference in degree 

 dependent on the growth, and that all other features of the polyps are the same, it will easily be 

 seen that the other, apparently great, difference in the appearance of the colonies, the number and 

 grouping of the polyps and the zooids, is due only to age: at the same time that the colony as is 

 commonly the case in the Pennatulids -- grows in the lower part of the rhachis, at the boundary 

 towards the peduncle, and adds here new polyps and zooids, a constant increase in the number of the 

 polyps also takes place in Halipteris in the older, upper part of the rhachis; as is indicated in the 

 young stages, new individuals grow up in the interspaces between the older ones. In this way 

 arise the short and little regular, oblique rows peculiar to Halipteris. The irregular arrangement 

 seen in the younger stages is for the rest constant, solitary polyps or irregular little groups being 

 always found between the more regular oblique rows; and apart from the lower part of the rhachis, 

 the boundary line between the polyps of the two sides on the ventral side of the colony is, as in the 

 young stages, only seen with some difficulty; in some places towards the top it seems to be quite 

 wanting. The increase in the number of the zooids follows that of the polyps; Kolliker has carefully 

 traced the mode of development of both these kinds of individuals in the lowermost part of the 

 rhachis (Mongr. p. 245). 



Distribution. Hitherto, the species has been known from various Norwegian fjords, from 

 the Varanger fjord (Hjselmo) to the Jader; also, the young stages were found within the same territory; 

 away from Norway it is only noted as having been found on the east coast of North Bngland (Northumber- 

 land, Tynemouth; Alder: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ; (3) vol. IX, p. 316). To these localities I may add the 

 Dogger Bank in the North Sea '), and as a new locality also the Fseroe Isles, the fishing bank 20 miles east 

 of Fuglo (agent M tiller). Hitherto it has only been found at depths to about 200 fathoms. From 

 the American side of the Atlantic it is not hitherto known with full certainty. Verrill, to be sure, 

 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. 2, 1879, p. 199, and later in Americ. Journ. Sc. and Arts vol. 23, 1882, p. 309) 

 mentions a Halipteris (christii) as taken on the east coast of America on a fishing bank (Grand Bank), 

 but nothing more definite has appeared concerning it later; if the genus be correctly determined, it 

 is most probable that the species is also H. christii. It has probably a similar distribution to Pavonaria 

 finmarchica and Pennatula grandis etc. 2 ). 



We have various indications that the genus Halipteris is not restricted to the Atlantic. In 

 :<San Francisco Mining and Scientific Press August 9 th 1873, and Proceed. Calif. Acad. of Sciences 

 1873, as also in Am. J. Sc. (3) vol. 7, p. 68, Stearns refers a Pennatulid (up to 66 inches = ca. i68 cm 

 long) to the Pavonaria of Cuvier, as subgenus Vcrrillia, the species V. Blakci. In a note added (in 

 the last named place, p. 70) Verrill declares the form to be most closely allied to Halipteris christii 

 (Kor. & Dan.), and accordingly Stearns has later (Americ. Naturalist vol. 16, 1882, pp. 55 56), called the 



!) Four specimens in the British Museum labelled: Funiculina quadi-angularis. Dogger Bank. 94.6.24. I 4. 

 2 ) It is possible, however, that this Halipteris has later been tacitly withdrawn and placed by Verrill under Pavonaria 

 finmarchica. 



