ZOANTHARIA 



Occurrence. Jutland Reef 60130 fathoms, M. Uddstrom 1873, R. M. 



Jsederen 100150 fathoms, M. Olsson 1877, R. M. 



Bergen Koren, R. M. 



N. W. of Bergen 100200 fathoms, M. Olsson 1877, R. M. 



Finmarken Karlso N. of Tromso 70 fathoms, Goes & Malmgren, R. M. 



90 fathoms, Malmgren 1864, R. M. 

 Foldenfjord, 530 m. 6-4, Nordgaard. 

 Vestfjord, clay ir8 1877, St. 252 N. N. Atlantic. Ex., Bergen M. 



6ii6'N., ii8'E. 150 m. Sand, mud, shells. Greenland Ex. 21/5 1899, R. M. St 58 Michael Sars 

 Ex. 1900 30/8 Bergen M. 



6635'N., 2347'W. 117 Danish fm., bottom temperature 6-5. Ingolf-Exp., St. 29, Cop. M. 



5057'N., io46'W. 184 m. 81.96, 27/7. 1910 Michael Sars Exp., Bergen M. 



(75 miles S. off Marthas Vineyard 86 fm., from U. S. N. M., R. M.) 

 off Marthas Vineyard U. S. Fish. Comm. Cop. M.) 



4o4o / N., 6930'W. 23/5. 1888, R. M. 



(40 01' 15" N., 7o22'W. 98 fm., U.S. Fish. Comm. Albatross, R. M.). 



Sandy Hook Shinnicock Bay, 18 fm. Josephine Exp., R. M. 



N. America, Bank of New Yersey, R. M. 



Size: The largest colony I have examined - - the colony had no less than 18 polyps had 

 a length of 2-5 cm. and a breadth of 1-3 cm. not comprising the polyps. The largest polyp when con- 

 tracted had a length of n cm. 



Colour: Light sandy-coloured or dark-gray in alcohol. 



External appearance: As the outer appearance of the colonies has been described in 

 detail by Haddon & Shackleton (1891), I shall here only give a short description of the 

 carcincecium-formmg typical forms. The crenenchyme is well developed, forming the carcinoecia 

 originally on gastropod-shells, which are inhabited by hermit crabs. In older specimens the polyps 

 are arranged irregularly on the dorsal side of the carcincecium. In the largest specimen I counted 

 no less than 18 polyps, thus a larger number than observed by Haddon and Shackleton. No 

 ventral single polyp is found as is the case in E. abyssorum. Haddon and Shackleton state, that 

 in younger colonies the polyps are arranged in three series and describe their arrangement. Even if 

 the development seems in many cases to proceed as described by Haddon & Shackleton, there is 

 undoubtedly a great number of exceptions from the rule laid down by them. The only thing I have 

 been able to determine with certainty is, that during the 2-polyp stage, one of the polyps lies nearer 

 the apex of the gastropod, the other near the entrance to the carcinoecium, to begin with over the 

 opening or even laterally, and that the third polyp is formed between these two. For my part I 

 think it most probable, that the places where the polyps are formed are to a great extent dependent 

 on the shape of the gastropod. Be this as it may, practically, the arrangement of the polyps in three 

 series in the young specimens has hardly any importance for the classification. The polyps are 

 cylindrical, the larger double the height of the smaller. On the contracted specimens with retracted 

 tentacles the distal part of the polyp is broader than the other part and forms "a flattened disc-like 



