CHAP. II. FOSSIL CEREALS AND OTHER PLANTS. 21 



of the most ancient of the lake-dwellings, hatchets of serpen- 

 tine and greenstone, and arrow-heads of quartz, have been 

 met with. Here also remains of a kind of cloth, supposed to 

 be of flax, not woven, but plaited, have been detected. Pro- 

 fessor Heer has recognized lumps of carbonized wheat, Triti- 

 cum vulgare, and grains of another kind, T. dicoccum, and 

 barley, Hordeum distichon, and flat round cakes of bread, 

 showing clearly that in the stone period the lake-dwellers 

 cultivated all these cereals, besides having domesticated the 

 dog, the ox, the sheep, and the goat. 



Carbonized apples and pears of small size, such as still 

 grow in the Swiss forests, stones of the wild plum, seeds of 

 the raspberry and blackberry, and beech-nuts, also occur in 

 the mud, and hazel-nuts in great plenty. 



Near Morges, on the Lake of Geneva, a settlement of the 

 bronze period, no less than forty hatchets of that metal have 

 been dredged up, and in many other localities the number 

 and variety of weapons and utensils discovered, in a fine state 

 of preservation, is truly astonishing. 



It is remarkable that as yet all the settlements of the 

 bronze period are confined to Western and Central Switzer- 

 land. In the more eastern lakes those of the stone period 

 alone have as yet been discovered. 



The tools, ornaments, and pottery of the bronze period in 

 Switzerland bear a close resemblance to those of correspond- 

 ing age in Denmark, attesting the wide spread of a uniform 

 civilization over Central Europe at that era. In some few of 

 the aquatic stations, as well as in tumuli and battle-fields 

 in Switzerland, a mixture of bronze and iron implements and 

 works of art have been observed, including coins and metals 

 of bronze and silver, struck at Marseilles, and of Greek 

 manufacture, belonging to the first and pre-Eoman division 

 of the age of iron. 



In the settlements of the bronze era the wooden piles are 



