494 INTELLIGENCE OP LOWER ANIMALS. chap. xxiv. 



animals is as extensive as that of the human mind, and I am 

 at a loss to perceive a difference of kind between them, how- 

 ever much they may differ in degree and in the manner in 

 which they are expressed. The gradations of the moral 

 faculties among the higher animals and Man are, moreover, 

 80 imperceptible, that to deny to the first a certain sense of 

 responsibility and consciousness would certainly be an exag- 

 geration of the difference between animals and Man. There 

 exists, besides, as much individuality within their respective 

 capabilities among animals as among Man, as every sports- 

 man, or ever}' keejier of menageries, or every farmer and 

 shepherd, can testify, who has had a large experience with 

 wild, or tamed, or domesticated animals. This argues 

 strongly in favor of the existence in every animal of an im- 

 material principle, similar to that which, by its excellence 

 and superior endowments, places Man so much above animals. 

 Yet the principle exists unquestionably, and, whether it be 

 called soul, reason, or instinct, it presents, in the whole range 

 of organized beings, a series of phenomena closely linked 

 together, and upon it are based not only the higher manifest- 

 ations of the mind, but the very permanence of the specific 

 differences which characterize every organ. Most of the 

 arguments of philosophy in favor of the immortality of Man 

 apply equally to the pei-manency of this principle in other 

 living beings."* 



Professor Huxley, when commenting on a passage in 

 Professor Owen's menioir, above cited (p. 481), argues that 

 there is a unity in psychical as in physical plan among ani- 

 mated beings, and adds, that although he cannot go so far as 

 to say that *'the determination of the difference between 

 Homo and Pithecus is the anatomist's difficulty," yet no 

 impartial judge can doubt that the roots, as it were, of those 



* Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of North America, 

 vol. i. part i. pp. 60, 64. 



