72 THE HISTORY AND ART 



The Bkts and Bridles of the Romans feem chiefly 

 to have confilled of two forts, the rough and the 

 fmooth. 



The rough fort was called lupus, or hpatum, or the 

 •wolf-biit. It was borrowed from the Greeks, who called 

 it by the fame name ; it was made in imitation of the 

 teeth of a wolf, the mouth-piece having little fliarp 

 points of iron upon it, ranged like teeth in the jaw of 

 this animal. This bitt was harfh and fevere, calcu- 

 lated for hard mouths, and flubborn and impetuous 

 tempers. The other, called the fmooth, had its 

 mouth- piece, or cannon, quite even, was gentle in its 

 effedts, and ferved for little more than to guide the 

 horfe. Neither of thefe bitts had a curb or chain un- 

 der the chin of the horfe, fome, however, upon Tra- 

 jan's pillar have branches, others are without any, 

 and differ very little from the Snaffle now in ufe, 

 which feems to be copied from them, excepting that 

 they are thicker and more clumfy, like the fnaffles 

 ufed for colts, called Mouthing-bitts . 



Whips were in common ufe j they fometimes had 

 an iron point, or fpur, inferted in the handle-end. 

 This fort of whip was C2l\td fcorpio, from the refem- 

 blance it bore to the fling which is in the tail of the 

 fcorpion, and was very fevere *. 



Spurs were familiar, the mention of them occurs fo 

 often in the Roman authors, that it would be pe- 

 dantry to cite them. 



* Scorpiones, genus acutijfmcrum fiagellormn. 



Barth. Adv, p. 2272. 

 s This 



