230 MANUAL OF MODERN FARRIERY. 



page 225, are worn in a singular manner. The first grinder 

 of the lower jaw, on both sides, is worn down to about half- 

 an-inch above the gum ; the second, on a level with the 

 gums, forming a hiatus into which the second grinder of the 

 upper jaw fits, which is fully a quarter of an inch longer 

 than the first grinder, and very uneven and unequal on the 

 surface. About half-an-inch of the outer portion of the 

 fourth grinder is parallel with the third, but the remainder 

 is worn level with the jaw ; the fifth and sixth molars are 

 almost entirely worn down, except a small portion of the 

 inner part of the sixth. The third upper one is more than 

 half worn down, and the fourth level with the socket ; part 

 of the fifth and sixth are worn obliquely down, the cavity 

 formed by which is occupied by the lower opposite teeth, 

 and the worn down fifth and sixth of the lower jaw are 

 occupied by the upper ones. In short, it is curious how 

 mastication could be performed. 



It seems probable that the natural age of the horse is 

 from thirty-five to forty. It would be most erroneous to 

 estimate his life according to the age at which he is worn 

 out in a state of servitude. Few of these valuable animals 

 live to anything like what they would do in a state of 

 freedom, most of them being unserviceable or destroyed by 

 excessive labour. Mr. Blaine informs us of one gentleman 

 who had three horses, which attained a considerable age ; 

 one at thirty-five, another at thirty-seven, and the third at 

 thirty -nine. Mr. Cully mentions one which received a ball 

 in his neck at the battle of Preston, in 1715, and which 

 was extracted when he died in 1758, so that he must have 

 been forty-seven or forty-eight years of age. Albertus 

 mentions that in his time there was a charger, proving 

 serviceable at the advanced age of sixty, and Augustus 

 Nephus says there was a horse in the stable of Ferdi- 



