466 MAXUAL OF MODERN FARRIERY. 



such an extent in the former as in horses, particularly in 

 milch-cows. Many of the medicines of which their drinks 

 or drenches are composed are quite inert, some are nearly 

 so, and others are very nasty." 



Black cattle, sheep, and goats are included in a distinct 

 order, called ruminants, or those animals which chew the 

 cud. They have three kinds of teeth ; and are destitute 

 of the incisory or cutting teeth in the upper jaw, but are 

 furnished with eight in the lower one, which are opposed to 

 callosity in the upper gums. There are twelve grinders in 

 each jaw, marked with two double crescents of enamel on 

 their crowns, of which the convexity is outwards in the 

 lower, and internal in the upper jaw. They have four 

 stomachs, calculated for ruminating, or the faculty of mas- 

 ticating their food a second time, by bringing it back to 

 the mouth after a deglutition, a faculty depending upon 

 the structure of their stomachs. The three first stomachs 

 are so disposed that the food may enter into either of 

 them, the oesophagus terminating at the point of communi- 

 cation. 



The first, and greatly the largest, is called the paunch, 

 and occupies a considerable portion of the abdominal 

 cavity. In this bag the food is macerated after very slight 

 mastication; it is divided externally i'^j two saccular por- 

 tions. It is in this cavity that all tkob,^, morbid concretions 

 are formed, called hairy balls, &;c. (See plate xii, fig. 1, a.) 

 The second stomach, h, is called the honeycomb-bag, or 

 king's hood, in consequence of its parietes being laminated 

 like a honeycomb. It is much smaller than the first, and 

 of a globular form. Its office is to seize, moisten, and com- 

 press the food into little pellets, which afterwards succes- 

 sively ascend to the mouth to be re-chewed. The animal 

 remains at rest during this operation, which lasts until all 



