ORTHOPTERA. 665 



The anterior wings of the Orthoptera, sometimes called the 

 tegmina, are not used for flight. They are stiff and tough, and 

 when at rest lie flat on the body, which they serve to protect. 

 In this position one overlaps the other, and their hinder 

 (when closed, median) borders do not form a straight suture as 

 is the case with the Coleoptera. The nervures of the hinder 

 wings radiate from the point of attachment of the wing like the 

 sticks of a fan, and they are connected with one another by 

 short cross-nervures forming a network over the whole wing. 

 These hind-wings are the organs of flight, but flight is an 

 exercise little practised by Orthoptera. In some cases the wings 

 are well developed but apparently unused, in others they are 

 modified into sound-producing organs, and in others again 

 they are absent, apterous forms occurring in all the families. 



These feeble powers of flight are to some extent compensated 

 for by the powerful legs, which enable certain Orthoptera to 

 leap prodigious distances or to run with extreme rapidity ; also 

 it must not be forgotten that some species have specially 

 powerful flight, e.g. the migratory locust. 



The antennae are usually long, with many articulations : 

 ocelli are usually present in addition to the large compound 

 eyes. The three thoracic segments are not fused with one 

 another, and the prothorax is freely movable. Ten segments 

 can usually be made out in the abdomen, the anus being on the 

 tenth and the genital orifice upon the ninth. The end of the 

 abdomen may bear a pair of cerci in either sex ; anal styles 

 may be present in the male, and a powerful ovipositor in the 

 female. 



Many Orthoptera have a swollen oesophagus or crop followed 

 by a gizzard with horny teeth. The salivary glands are large 

 and usually provided with receptacles. The malpighian 

 tubules are numerous. The ventral nerve-ganglia have under- 

 gone little fusion, there being three thoracic, and as many as 

 seven abdominal, ganglia. 



The sound-producing organs are in many cases confined to 

 the male and their action is thought to attract the female. The 

 latter lays comparatively few eggs and these are deposited either 

 singly or in numbers in a case or capsule. The egg is supplied 

 with an unusually large amount of food-yolk. The young 

 hatch out in a condition closely resembling their parents, but 



