ORTHOPTERA. 



669 



Fin. ; Mantoidea Newm. shows few of the well-marked features of 

 the family. 



2. Orthoderinae. Pyrgomantis Gerst., the female has rudi- 

 mentary wings ; Eremiaphila Lef., highly modified desert dwellers. 



3. Mantinae. Micromantis Sauss. ; Odontomantis Sauss. ; Hapa- 

 lomantis Stal ; Tropidomantis Stal ; Archimantis Sauss. ; Pseudo- 

 mantis Sauss. ; Mantis L., Callimantis Stal. 



4. Harpaginae. Harpax Serv. ; Pseudoharpax Sauss. 



5. Vatinae. Vates Burm. ; Pseudovates Sauss. ; Stenophylla 

 Westw. ; Stenovates Sauss. 



6. Empusinae. Gongylus Thunb. ; Empusa Illig. ; Idolum 

 Sauss. 



Fam. 5. Phasmidae.* Head protruded, prothorax short but meso- 

 thorax much elongated, the legs are similar one to another, cerci present 

 but unjointed, tegmina small or, like the hind-wings, sometimes absent, 

 sexes often unlike. 



The Phasmidae are commonly known as leaf- or stick-insects and in 

 them the mimicry of plant-structures reaches its highest development 

 (Fig. 421). They are often large in- 

 sects, attaining in some cases a length 

 of nine inches. Usually the antennae 

 are many jointed, the eyes prominent 

 and supplemented by ocelli. The pro- 

 thorax, in contrast to that of the 

 Mantidae, is short even in the lengthy 

 stick-insects ; the mesothorax always 

 big. The abdomen is usually elon- 

 gate and of 9-10 segments, the cerci 

 are flattened unjointed plates. The 

 anterior legs are often stretched for- 

 ward, the femora guarding and con- 

 cealing each side of the head. The 

 eggs maintain the tradition of the 

 family as mimickers of vegetable or- 

 ganisms by resembling seeds, and like 

 many seeds they are scattered promis- 

 cuously and not laid in oothecas. 

 Many of the odd extensions of the in- 

 tegument characteristic of these insects 

 are already visible when the young 

 leave the egg, and they are exagger- 

 ated at each subsequent moult. The 

 newly hatched young of the wingless 

 forms closely resemble their parents. 

 Other forms acquire wings after their 



second or third moult. As is so often the case in the Tracheata the females 

 are much larger than the males, and the latter are more mobile and frequently 

 possess wings even when the females are wingless ; on the other hand, the 

 mimicry of the females is far more perfect than is that of the males, who 



FIG. 421.Phyllium scythe, female. 

 Sylhet (after Westwood). 



* Joly, Mem. Ac. Sci. Toulouse (7) iii, p. 1. Goldi, ZooL Jahrb. Syst. 

 1886, p. 724 ; also Brunner von Wattenwyl and Redtenbacher, Die 

 Insekten/amilie der Phasmiden, Leipzig, in course of publication. 



