716 CLASS IV. INSECT A. 



Fam. 22. Zygaenidae. The fore-wings (with three anal nervures, two 

 of which are confluent) are longer and not so broad as the hind-wings. The 

 latter have three distinct anal nervures. Frenulum present. Antennae 

 thicker before the tip and then tapering, very flexible. The Burnet -moths 

 are day-fliers with conspicuous metallic coloration. The black and yellow 

 larvae generally have ten pro-legs and feed openly on plants. The pupa 

 is unusually soft and mobile, but is enclosed in a hard cocoon, spun on the 

 food-plants. The family is a large one and widely distributed. Zygaena 

 and Ino are British. 



Fam. 23. Himantopteridae.* Scales imperfect and hair-like, Hind- 

 wings form long slender tails which give an un-moth-like look to the 

 insects. This is a small family whose representatives are found only in 

 Africa and India. 



Fam. 24. Heterogynidae. Intermediate between the Zygaenidae and 

 the Psychidae. The female imago is very imperfectly developed and 

 remains attached to the pupa-case, in which she is fertilized and deposits 

 her ova. The male is a small moth with imperfect scales. Heterogynis 

 of Southern Europe is the only genus. 



Fam. 25. Psychidae. Females very imperfectly developed, wingless 

 and often legless. Males winged with bipectinate antennae, degenerate 

 mouth-parts and imperfect scales. Smallish moths, widely distributed. 

 The larvae construct cases with a lining of silk and an outer 



coating of bits of wood, leaves* etc. ; 

 these cases may be coiled like Mollusc- 

 shells. The female does not quit the 

 A V\ \ r < s?^^lPNk case kut pupates and lays her eggs 



i u <&aam there The degree of development she 



attains varies in different species. The 

 males fly actively, sometimes in swarms, 

 but do not live long. Psyche, Tale- 

 poria, Epichnopteryx, Fumea, Solenobia, 

 represent the family in the British area. 



Fam. 26. Cossidae. Mouth much re- 

 duced or aborted, no proboscis. The 



FIG. 458. a female of Psyche helix ; nervures resemble those of the Zygaenidae, 

 b male ; c rase of the male cater- 

 pillar, d of the female. but the median nervure of the discoidal 



cell forks. Frenulum present. A small 



but widely distributed family of largish moths most abundant in the 

 tropics. The larvae burrow into wood and do great damage to some 

 trees. They are usually hairless and with but little adornment, and are 

 said to live for some two or three years. The pupa is surrounded by a 

 cocoon of chips lined with silk ; in some species it is strengthened by a clayey 

 deposit. The goat-moth Cossus ligniperda which receives its common 

 name from the smell of the larva, the Wood-leopard moth Zeuzera aesculi, 

 and Macrogaster castaneae, represent the family in the British area. 



Fam. 27. Arbelidae. Differ from Cossidae chiefly in absence of 

 frenulum and in greater simplicity of nervures. A small family. 



Fam. 28. Chrysopolomidae. Nervures as in Cossidae but the imagos 

 resemble Lasiocampidae. It includes one genus found in Africa. 



Fam. 29. Hepialidae. The nervures of fore- and hind-wings closely 

 similar. Scales imperfect. Jugum present. No frenulum. Maxillae at 



* Thymaridae of some authorities. 



