COLEOPTERA. 



725 



grating on second legs and produces a sound. The family contains severa 

 hundred species but is unrepresented in Europe and almost so in North 

 America. 



Fam. 2. Lucanidae. Elytra conceal abdomen. Antennae elbowed 

 and with little co-adaptation of terminal joints. Labrum fixed and 

 small. Five abdominal 

 sterna visible. This 

 family includes the Stag- 

 beetles, remarkable for 

 the great enlargement of 

 their mandibles in the 

 males. The legs are long, 

 and the fifth or last of 

 the tarsal segments is 

 much larger than the 

 others. The larvae are 

 fat, white grubs with thick 

 chitinous head armature, 

 which live in the wood 

 of trees. The family with 

 some 600 species is best 

 represented in the Malay 

 district and in the tem- 

 perate regions of Europe 

 and Asia. Lucanus cervus 

 is the British stag-beetle. 



Fam. 3. Scarabaeidae. 

 Elytra leave hind end of 

 abdomen uncovered. An- 

 tennae with highly de- 

 v e 1 o p e d leaflets. Six 

 abdominal sterna visible. FIG. 461. Scarabaeus sacer. Portugal. From Sharp. 

 A very large family of 



some 13,000 species, known familiarly as chafers. The larvae are white 

 and stout 'and usually curved, and end in a swollen portion termed the 

 "sac." The body of these grubs shows transverse wrinkling. Many 

 feed on roots and underground stems and others on dung. The images 

 often eat leaves. The family is cosmopolitan but most numerous in 

 -the warmer parts of the earth. Scarabaeus sacer is probably the sacred 

 beetle of the Egyptians. Melolontha vulgaris, the cockchafer, is one of 

 the most destructive beetles to growing crops. Cetonia, the rose-chafer. 



Sub-order 2. ADEPHAGA or CARABOIDEA. 



Tarsi with five segments. Antennae filiform. Outer lobe of maxilla very 

 often divided into a two-jointed palp (the ordinary maxillary palp also being 

 present). Usually five abdominal terga and sterna visible, and six pleura. 



This sub-order includes six families of ground- and tiger- and water- 

 beetles. The larvae are usually active and have well formed legs with 

 two tarsal segments. 



Fam. 4. Cicindelidae. Antennae eleven segmented. Clypeus reaches 

 laterally beyond the insertion of antennae. Outer lobe of maxilla 

 forming a two-segmented palp. The inner lobe of the maxilla ends 



