STUDY OF YUCCA ANGUSTIFOLIA 153 



and soluble in water. It was precipitated from the aqueous 

 solution by sub-acetate of lead, potassium bichromate, ferric 

 chloride, ferrous sulphate, and it was clouded by alum, and 

 stannous chloride solutions. 



Tannin, gallic acid, and alkaloids were absent. 



Amyl alcohol separated from the acidified aqueous extract 

 white needle-shaped crystals. It was not determined if these 

 crystals were the same as those of the coloring matter. 



Extracts (2), (3), and (4). 



Extracts (2) and (3) when warm were clear, and on cool- 

 ing a creamy- white solid separated. Extract (4), if warmed, 

 was turbid, and as the liquid cooled, a creamy- white substance 

 remained at the bottom of the flask, and the supernatant fluid 

 became clear. This creamy-white substance was identified 

 in each of the extracts as saponin. 1 



The results following an aqueous treatment of alcoholic 

 residues (2) and (3), were noticeable. The residues were dis- 

 solved, and by shaking the mixtures, emulsified. This emul- 

 sion was permanent, as no resinous matter separated on stand- 

 ing several days. The emulsion was agitated with acetic ether, 

 and by this means most of the resin and saponin were sepa- 

 rated from the aqueous portion. The saponin was removed 

 mechanically with the resin, as it is almost insoluble in acetic 

 ether. The resin-saponin mass was insoluble in ether, solu- 

 ble in water. The solution frothed on shaking and emulsi- 

 fied, but the emulsion was not so permanent as in the first case, 

 for a resinous sediment settled after a time. Chloroform sepa- 

 rated saponin from an acidified aqueous solution, and also 

 from an alkaline aqueous solution of the residues ; and the 

 red-violet saponin reaction with concentrated sulphuric acid 

 was obtained. 



The solubility in water of the alcoholic residues (2), (3), and 

 (4), and the resulting emulsion were unusual, and explicable 



1 "Saponin in the Wood of the Root and Leaves," Science, September n, 

 1885. 



