278 APPENDIX. 



have been found ; nor is this gap filled up by the conglomerates and 

 coarse arenaceous beds which, as I have explained in " Acadian Ge- 

 ology," in some localities take the place of the limestones, as they do 

 also in the Appalachian region farther south. 



The palaBobotanical and strategraphical equivalents of this series 

 abroad would seem to be the following : 



1. The Vespertine group of Rogers in Pennsylvania. 



2. The Kinderhook group of Worthen in Illinois. 



3. The Marshall group of Winchell in Michigan. 



4. The Waverley sandstone (in part) of Ohio. 



5. The Lower or False Coal-measures of Virginia. 



6. The Calciferous sandstones of McLaren, or Tweedian group of 

 Tate in Scotland. 



7. The Lower Carboniferous slate and Coomhala grits of Jukes 

 in Ireland. 



8. The Culm and Culm Grauwacke of Germany. 



9. The Graywacke or Lower Coal-measures of the Vosges, as de- 

 scribed by Schimper. 



10. The Older Coal-formation of the Ural, as described by Eich- 

 wald. 



11. The so-called " Ursa Stage " of Heer includes this, but he has 

 united it with Devonian beds, so that the name cannot be used ex- 

 cept for the local development of these beds at Bear Island, Spitz- 

 bergen. The Carboniferous plants of arctic America, Melville Isl- 

 and, &c., as well as those of Spitzbergen, appear all to be Lower 

 Carboniferous.* 



All of the above groups of rocks are characterised by the preva- 

 lence of Lepidodendra of the type of L. corrugatum, L. Veltheimia- 

 num, and L. Glincanum ; pines of the sub-genus Pitus of Wit ham, 

 Palceoxylon of Brongniart, and peculiar ferns of the genera Cy- 

 clopteris, Cardiopteris, Triphyllopteris, and Sphenopteris. In all the 

 regions above referred to they form the natural base of the great 

 Carboniferous system. 



In Virginia, according to Fontaine and White, types, such as 

 Archceopteris, which in the north are Upper Erian, occur in this 

 group. Unless there have been some errors in fixing the lower limit 

 of the Vespertine, this would indicate a longer continuance of old 

 forms in the south. 



* " Notes on Geological Map of the Northern Portion of the Dominion 

 of Canada," by Dr. G. M. Dawson, 1887. 



