8 THE GEOLOGY OF MINNESOTA. 



[Hennepin, 1680. 



found a war calumet beside the grave, and an earthen pot upset, in which the Indians had left fat 

 buffalo meat, to assist the departed, as they say, in making his journey to the land of souls. 



In the neighborhood of lake Buade are many other lakes whence issue several rivers, on the 

 banks of which live the Issati, Nadouessans. Tinthona (which means prairie-men), Ouadebatlion,* 

 River-people, Chongaskethon, Dog or Wolf tribe (for Chonga among these nations means dog or 

 wolf ), and other tribes, all which we comprise under the name Nadouessiou. These Indians 

 number eight or ten thousand warriors, very brave, great runners, and very good bowmen. It 

 was by a part of these tribes that I and our two canoemen were taken in the following way : 



The map accompanying Hennepin's work, as published at Paris, is 

 reduced and reproduced in plate-pages 5 and 6. The Mississippi is conjectur- 

 ally represented by a dotted line as flowing into the gulf of Mexico. The 

 Illinois river is named Seignelay ; the Wisconsin is called Oisconsins ; above 

 that is the river Noire, or Black river ; the next above on the east is E. des 

 Bceufs; the St. Croix is styled E. du Tombeau, and between it and Bum 

 river, which is denominated the St. Francois, is a water connection of lakes 

 and streams. There is one river above the St. Francis, but unnamed. The 

 Mississippi is represented as having no tributaries from the west, and as 

 flowing between two ranges of mountains from the Falls of St. Anthony to 

 some distance below the Wisconsin. These " mountains " are none other 

 than the bluffs of the river valley, made of horizontal strata cut by the 

 river itself. Lake Pepin is named Lac des Pleurs ; Mille Lacs is Lac Buade ; 

 lake Superior is Conde ou SupSrieur ; lake Michigan is L. Dauphin ou 

 Illinois ; lake Huron is L. D'Orleans ou Huron ; lake Erie is Conty ou Erie, 

 and lake Ontario is L. Frontenac. The coat of arms of France (probably as 

 established by Du Luth) is represented at the most northwesterly point on 

 the map, surmounted by a figure of the cross, and underneath it are inscribed 



these words: 



Armes du Eoy telle 



quel u sont grauee 

 sur I' escorce d' un 

 Chesne a I' endroit 

 margue A. 



The unscrupulous Franciscan represents missions of his order estab- 

 lished some leagues to the northwest of Mille Lacs, on the lower Mississippi, 

 below the Illinois, as well as on lake Ontario. The gulf of California is 

 named Mer Vermeille, and toward the north further are the Straits of 

 Anian, supposed to lead to the " Northwest Passage," that phantom of all 

 early explorers of North America. 





Warpetonwan. 



