WINONA COUMTY. 247 



Trees and shrubs,] 



is so completely covered by the loam that only rarely are any signs of it seen 

 at the surface in the form of boulders. 



Generally throughout the county there is a liberal supply of native 

 timber for fuel, and in numerous places some of the best trees of oak have 

 been cut for other uses. 



Trees and shrubs of Winona county. In the survey of the county the following native trees 

 and shrubs were identified. The trees are arranged in the estimated order of frequency. 



Quercus macrocarpa, Michx. Bur oak. 



Populus tremuloides, Michx. Aspen. 



Quercus coccinea, Wang., var. tinctoria, Bart. Black oak. 



These three species make up about nine-tenths of the forest trees of the county, exclusive of 

 the timbered lowlands of the Mississippi. There are large trees of black oak, apparently belong- 

 ing to a former forest growth, the most of which has been cut or destroyed by fire, and many of the 

 growing shrubs and bushes of oak seem to belong to this species. 



Quercus alba, L. White oak. The white oak is quite abundant in the southern part of the 

 county. It frequents the limestone slopes and the uplands, and the black oak the sandstone slopes. 



Ulmus Americana, (PI. Olayt.) Willd. White or American elm. Common in the valleys ; 

 makes a very large tree. 



Acer rubrum, L. Red or swamp maple. " Soft maple" is the name commonly applied in 

 Minnesota to this and the next. This is very abundant in the bottoms of the Mississippi, and 

 generally throughout the county in similar soils. 



Acer dasycarpum, Ehr. White or silver maple ; soft maple. Common in low lands. (This 

 is the species most common as an ornamental tree.) 



Tilia Americana, L. Basswood. Linden. 



Betula papyracea, Ait. White or Paper birch. This very rarely makes a tree larger than 

 six inches in diameter in Winona county, though it sometimes exceeds that in favorable situations 

 in rich soils. The most common position for this tree is along the exposed rock-bluffs, where it 

 maintains a hardy and persistent slow growth in spite of the fires that frequently run over the sur- 

 face, and the unimpeded winds and frosts of the year. It was seen at Winona two and a half feet 

 in diameter. 



Various species of willow. 



Negundo aceroides, Mcench. Box-elder. Common in the low lands. Seldom more than 

 twelve inches in diameter. 



Prunus Americana, Marshall. Wild plum. 



Populus monilifera, Ait. Cottonwood. This makes a large tree several feet in diameter in 

 the Mississippi bottoms. 



Fraxinus Americana, L. White ash. 



Ostrya Virginica, Willd. Ironwood. 



Juglans cinerea, L. Butternut. 



Carya ainara, Nutt. Bitternut hickory. 



Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lam. Black ash. 



Juglans nigra, L. Black walnut. 



Acer saccharinum, Wany. Sugar maple. 



Carpinus Americana. Michx. Water beech. 



Prunus serotina, Ehr. Black cherry. 



Carya alba, Nutt. Shag-bark hickory. This is common along the bluffs from Dresbach at 

 least to Winona and Stockton. It has been cut for fuel for steamboats for many years. Large 

 trees are now very rare. 



Ulmus fulva, Michx. Red or slippery elm. 



Ulmus racemosa, Thomas. Corky or rock elm. 



Pirns coronaria, L. Wild crab-apple. 



Populus grandidentata, Michx. Rare ; but a few trees can be seen in the north part of 

 Pleasant Hill. 



