248 THE GEOLOGY OF MINNESOTA. 



[Trees and shrubs. 



Finns Strobus, L. May be seen at Whitewater and Elba, on the bluffs ; a large tree grows at 

 the mouth of Fine creek ; several are growing at the mouth of the Fine creek that joins the Mis- 

 sissippi at La Crescent ; it occurs on sec. 28, Saratoga, at the head of the creek, and on sec. 29, 

 St. Charles ; on Gwinn's bluff, near Eichmond, and in numerous other places in the county. 



Celtis occidentalis, L. Hackberry. 



Amelanchier Canadensis, Torr. and Gray. Juneberry. 



Betula lutea, Michx. f. Gray birch. This makes a tree sometimes a foot in diameter grow- 

 ing along the bottom-lands of the Mississippi. Its twigs are aromatic, and it may be mistaken 

 for the black or cherry-birch. It grows at Dresbach. 



Betula nigra, L. River or red birch. This birch is found abundantly along the Mississippi 

 bottoms as far north at least as Minneiska. It has been cut extensively for fuel. It makes a 

 large tree, and when young it is very shapely and adapted to ornamental purposes, especially if it 

 is so situated as not to be crowded by other trees. In the timbered bottom-land, however, the tree 

 is often one-sided and deformed, or nearly limbless. It is abundant in the form of small trees 

 from two to four inches thick, sometimes clustered as if from old stumps. Occasionally an old tree 

 stands. The bark is then not papery but rough. The outer papery bark easily peels off, even 

 when young. It has a faint orange tint, in distinction from the snowy whiteness of the paper- 

 birch, which is also sometimes seen in close proximity. 



Juniperus Virginiana, L. Red cedar. 



Thuja occidentalis, L. Arbor vite, or white cedar. These cedars both grow on Gwinn's 

 bluff, sec. 26, Richmond, but the former only is distributed generally over the county. It is found 

 in stony places, and sometimes makes a tree twenty or thirty feet high. 



Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam. Kentucky coffee-tree. Seen native only near Dakota in the 

 shaded lower slopes of the river bluffs, but it is in cultivation at Beaver and Winona as an orna- 

 mental tree. The balm of Gilead is common in cultivation, and occasionally is seen a specimen 

 of honey-locust, the black locust being rather common. The Lombardy poplar is winter-killed, or 

 partly so. The soft n:aple is the most common shade tree. The next is perhaps the cotton- 

 wood; then, in order of frequency, box-elder, Lombardy poplar, willow, sugar maple, white elm, 

 white pine, black walnut, balsam flr, butternut, bass, red elm, white poplar. 



Shrubs of Winona county. Rhus glabra, L. and typhina, L. The smooth sumac is common 

 throughout the county, but the stag-horn is rarely found outside of the immediate valley of the 

 Mississippi. It occurs in Hart, in the valley of Rush creek. At Winona samples were seen of the 

 atter eight inches in diameter. Corylus Americana, Walt.; abundant. Corylus rostrata, Ait., 

 rare, seen near Dakota, and in the valley of the Rollingstone. Cornus paniculata, L'fler, com- 

 mon. Sambucus Canadensis, L. and pubens, Michx., the latter being rare. Cornus sericea, L., 

 stolonifera, Michx. and alternifolia, L; all these are common. Rubus villosus, Ait., strigosus, 

 Michx. and occidentalis. L., the last with white fruit, on the bluffs at Winona. Rubus Canaden, 

 sis, L., Ribes rotundifolium, Michx., Cynosbati, L. andfloridum, L., Primus Virginiana, L., com- 

 mon ; Primus Pennsylvanica, ., Clyde. Primus pumila, L., near the center of section 33, Hart- 

 along the sandy road that runs to the east of an isolated bluff. Although this does not agree with 

 Gray's description exactly, viz. in having the leaves toothed nearly all round, and the flowers 

 (fruit at least) single, it is probably this species. In general appearance it resembles greatly the 

 sand cherry of the northern shores of lake Michigan. Amorpha fruticosa, L. Vitis cordifolia, 

 Michx. Spiraea opulifolia, L. Rosa blanda, Ait. Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Michx. Crataegus 

 coccinea, L., and Crus-galli, L. Viburnum pubescens, Pursh , sec. 24, Fremont. Viburnum 

 Lentago, L. Celastrus scandens, L. Alnus incana, Willd. Ceanothus Americanus, L. Juni- 

 perus Sabina, L., var. procumbens, Pursh. Hamamelis Virginica, L., moist soils between Rich- 

 mond and Dakota, rare. Acer spicatum, Lam., sec. 22, Richmond, rare. Xanthoxylum 

 Americanum, Mill. Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham, and Schlecht.,on the bluff-side at Winona. Loni- 

 cera parviflora, Lam. and grata, Ait. Euonymus atropurpureus, Jacq., sec. 22, Fremont. Arcto- 

 staphylos Uva-ursi, Spreng., sandy knolls in sec. 12, Saratoga. 



The southward facing slopes, as in Houston county, are apt to be destitute of trees and shrubs, 

 while on the opposite side of the same valley the surface frequently is densely timbered. 



