10 



The methods of staking out the orchards to locate the position of the 

 trees and the setting of the trees as well as other information on apple 

 growing are given in Bulletin No. 43 on Planting the Apple Orchard, pub- 

 lished by Agricultural Experiment Station at Moscow, Idaho, also in Bul- 

 letin 77 on Fruit Tree Planting in Montana, published by Montana Agricul- 

 tural College Experiment Station at Bozeman, Montana. 



II. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT OF WATER AND 

 METHODS OF MEASURING WATER. 



NECESSITY FOR KNOWLEDGE OF MEASUREMENT OF AVATER. 



When water is so plentiful that the irrigators can obtain all the water 

 they want and whenever they want it, there is no trouble about its division 

 and no necessity is felt for the measurement of water. But these con- 

 ditions do not prevail in many districts and where they do exist a know- 

 ledge of the measurement of water will help to prevent the large waste due 

 to crude methods of irrigation and to over-irrigation which may damage 

 not only the crops of the careless irrigator but also the land and crops of 

 the landowners below, by the waterlogging of the Boil. 



Where water is not so abundant the necessity for a knowledge of the 

 measurement of water is felt to a greater extent. An equitable division of 

 the water can only be obtained by correct measurements. The orchardist 

 or irrigator can only know whether he is getting the water he is entitled to 

 or not by measurements of the water delivered. It is only by such means 

 and from a knowledge of the values of the units of flow that the depth of 

 water applied to the land is obtained. This is desirable if the orchardist 

 wishes to irrigate intelligently and determine the effects of different quan- 

 tities of water on the amount of crops produced. 



Other reasons for which there is a necessity for a knowledge of the 

 measurement of water are: 



First. To measure the amount of water carried in a creek or the dis- 

 charge of a pump. 



Second. To know the required capacity of a pump or of a ditch to give 

 a certain volume of water on a given area of land. 



Third. To determine by measurements at different points on the ditch 

 the seepage losses occurring in that section of ditch. 



Fourth. To be able to compute the storage capacity of a reservoir 

 necessary to give a flow to irrigate a given tract of land. 



UNITS OF MEASUREMENT. 



The units of measurement can be divided into two classes: first, those 

 used for flowing water; second, those used for water at rest. The units 

 commonly used for flowing water are the cubic foot per second and miners' 

 inch, and for water at rest, the acre foot is used. 



1. The Cubic Foot Per Second or Second Foot. 



The cubic foot per second is the standard unit of measurement of flow- 

 ing water in British Columbia. It may be defined as a cubic foot of water 

 moving at the rate of one lineal foot each second. For instance, a flume 

 12 inches wide, carrying a depth of water of 12 inches, and placed on such 

 a grade as to give a velocity to the water of 1 lineal foot each second has 



