54 HISTORY OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 



by Ernst Hallier. This was the first text-book of any 

 importance to follow that of Kiihn's. As this was the 

 only edition which he published, Hallier may, therefore 

 be said to have belonged to this period alone ; in fact, as 

 we shall see, he retired from active work about the end of 

 the period. 



Ernst Hallier lived from 1831-1904. Beginning as 

 assistant gardener in the Botanical Gardens at Jena in 

 1848, he later studied at the University of Berlin, taking 

 his degree in 1858. He then became assistant to his 

 uncle, Professor Schleiden, the botanist at Jena. Here 

 in 1866 he was promoted to assistant professor, in which 

 capacity he served for nineteen years, retiring on account 

 of ill health in 1884. He is perhaps best known for his 

 antagonism to and attacks upon de Bary, whom he hated. 

 His failure to obtain a full professorship he blamed chiefly 

 on de Bary, who, however, does not appear to have been 

 responsible except perhaps indirectly as an opponent of 

 his peculiar scientific ideas. Hallier's book was far more 

 comprehensive and extensive than that of Kiihn, but 

 lacked the sound scientific and practical experimental 

 basis of that master's work. The peculiar and erroneous 

 ideas of the author with respect to the genetic relation 

 of bacteria to fungi brought discredit upon the book among 

 the scientific workers of his day. He believed that bac- 

 teria developed into fungi. His work, therefore, did not 

 have a great influence on plant pathology. 



Anders Sandtfe Orsted, the most noted Danish plant 

 pathologist before Rostrup, belongs to this period. He 

 lived from 1816 to 1872. His contributions to the science 

 began about 1862. Working with species of Gymnospo- 

 rangium, he discovered hetercecism at about the same 



