96 Dairy Bacteriology. 



caring for the milk after it has been drawn. Busey and 

 Kober report twenty-one outbreaks of typhoid fever in 

 which dairy employees also acted in the capacity of nurses. 



3. Pollution of milk utensils. The most frequent method 

 of infection of cans, pails, etc., is in cleaning them with 

 water that may be polluted with disease organisms. Often 

 wells may be contaminated with diseased matter of intes- 

 tinal origin, as in typhoid fever, and the use of water at 

 normal temperatures, or even in a luke-warm condition, 

 give conditions permitting of infection. Intentional adul- 

 teration of milk with water inadvertently taken from pol- 

 luted sources has caused quite a number of typhoid out- 

 breaks. 1 Sedgwick and Chapin * found in the Springfield, 

 Mass., epidemic of typhoid that the milk cans were placed 

 in a well to cool the milk, and it was subsequently shown 

 that the well was polluted with typhoid fecal matte*. 



4. Pollution of udder of animal by leading in infected 

 water, or by washing same with contaminated water. 

 This method of infection would only be likely to occur in 

 case of typhoid. An outbreak at the University of Vir- 

 ginia in 1893 3 was ascribed to the latter cause. 



5. Pollution of creamery by-products, skim-milk, etc. 

 Where the milk supply of one patron becomes infected 

 with pathogenic bacteria, it is possible that disease may be 

 disseminated through the medium of the creamery, the in- 

 fective agent remaining in the skim milk after separation 

 and so polluting the mixed supply. This condition is more 

 likely to prevail with typhoid because of the greater toler- 

 ance of this organism for acids such as would be found in raw 



1 S. W. North, London Practitioner, 1889, 43:393. 



Sedgwick and Chapin, Boston Med. & Surg. Journ., 1893, 129:485. 



Dabney, Phila. Med. News, 1893, 68:630. 



