IV CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER Y. 



PNEUMATICS. 



PAGE 



SECTION' I. The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Pressure 156 



" II. The Relation of Tension and Volume to Pressure. 163 

 " III. Air, Forcing and Lifting Pumps ; the Siphon. ... 168 



CHAPTER VI. 



MAGNETISM AND ELECTRICITY. 



SECTION I. Magnets 1 84 



" II. Frictional Electricity 197 



" ill. Electric Condensers, Lightning and Experiments. 215 



" IV. Voltaic, Dynamo- and Thermo-Electricity 237 



CHAPTER VII. 



SOUND. 



SECTION I. Nature, Refraction and Reflection of Sound 267 



rt II. Composition of Sound Waves ; Musical Instru- 

 ments 283 



CHAPTER VIII. 



HEAT. 



SECTION I. Temperature, Thermometers, Expansion 305 



" II. Liquefaction, Vaporization, Distillation 317 



" III. Latent and Specific Heat 329 



" IV. Modes of Diffusing Heat 343 



*' V. Thermodynamics 355 



CHAPTER IX. 



LIGHT. 



SECTION I. Nature, Velocity and Intensity of Light 368 



" II. Reflection of Light 378 



" III. Refraction of Light 395 



" IV. Chromatics and Spectra 409 



'* V. Optical Instruments and Polarization 422 



CONCLUSION ; ENERGY 434 



APPENDICES 442 



INDEX , ; , 450 



