182 



BOTANY. 



and simple in structure, being often reduced to the gynoecium 

 or andraecium, carpels and stamens being almost always in 

 separate flowers. The outer leaves of the flower (sepals and 

 petals) are either entirely wanting or much reduced, and never 

 differentiated into calyx and corolla. 



FIG. 97. Types of luliflorse. A, branch of hazel, Gorylus (Cvpuli ferae) , x 1. 

 c?,male; ?, female inflorescence. B, a single male flower, x 3. C, section 

 of the ovary of a female flower, x 25. D, acorn of red oak, Quercus 

 (Cupuliferse), x %. E, seed of white birch, Betula (Betulacesd) , x 3. F, 

 fruit of horn-bean, Garpinus (Cupuliferse) , x l. G, lizard-tail, tiaururus 

 (Saururese), x V 4 . H, a single flower, x 2. I, female inflorescence of the hop, 

 Humulus (Cannabinese), x~ 1. J, a single scale with two flowers, x 1. X, 

 a male flower of a nettle, Urtica (Urticacese) , x 5. 



In the willows (Fig. 96) the stamens are bright-colored, so 

 that the flowers are quite showy, and attract numerous insects 

 which visit them for pollen and nectar, and serve to carry the 

 pollen to the pistillate flowers, thus insuring their fertilization. 

 In the majority of the group, however, the flowers are wind- 

 fertilized. An excellent example of this is seen in the common 

 hazel (Fig. 97, A). The male flowers are produced in great 



