92 ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



bright red at maturity) is a good example of what is 

 called an aril. 



127. We find, then, that although there is at first sight 

 little in common, apparently, between the cone of the 

 Pine and the berry-like fruit of the Ground Hemlock 

 (Taxus baccata), yet they both have the characteristic 

 naked ovules. 



128. Among our cone-bearing trees will readily be 

 recognized the Arbor Vitse (commonly called Cedar), the 

 Larch or Tamarack, which, however, is not evergreen, 

 and the various kinds of Spruce or Fir. The Juniper, 

 also, belongs to this group, but is marked by the 

 peculiarity that the few scales of the cone cohere together 

 in ripening and become succulent, thus forming what 

 looks like a berry. 



129. To sum up the results of our observations upon 

 plant-structure, we have found 



(1) That all the plants to which our attention has so 



far been directed produce flowers; they are all, 

 therefore, flowering or phanerogamous plants, or, 

 briefly, phanerogams. 



(2) That in a large number of the plants there are 



ovaries enclosing the seeds. All such plants are 

 grouped as angiosperms. 



(3) That in others the seeds are not enclosed in an 



ovary. Hence we have a group known as gymno- 

 sperms. 



(4) That the angiosperms are either dicotyledonous or 



monocotyledonous. 



