228 EXAMINATION PAPERS. 



16. Give the peculiarities of Endogens in seed-leaf, leaf, and stem. 

 Sub-divide the class. Describe shortly the orders Araceae and 

 Graminese. 



17. Describe the wall of a seed-vessel, and notice its varieties of 

 form. 



18. What is meant by the dehiscence of a capsule ? Show the 

 different modes in which pods dehisce, and give examples of each. 



19. Give the characters and orders of Gymnospermous Exogens. 



20. Give the characters of Banunculaceae. Describe shortly some 

 of the principal plants of the order. 



21. Give some account of the special forms which the leaves of 

 plants assume. 



22. What are stipules ? What their size and shape ? 



23. What is meant by Imperfect, Incomplete, and Unsymmetrical 

 flowers respectively '? 



24. Describe Papilionaceous and Labiate corollas. 



25. Write notes on Abortive Organs, Gymnospermous Pistil, and 

 Pollen Granule. 



26. Distinguish between the essential and non-essential materials 

 found in plants, and notice the non-essential. 



27. What is vegetable growth ? Illustrate by a reference to the 

 pollen granule in its fertilization of the ovary. 



28. What is an axil ? What is the pappus ? 



29. What are the cotyledons ? What is their function, and what 

 their value in systematic Botany ? 



30. Distinguish between Epiphytes and Parasites. Describe their 

 respective modes of growth, and give examples of each. 



31. What is the difference between roots and subterranean 

 branches ? Define rhizoma, tuber, corm, and bulb, giving examples 

 of each. How does a potato differ botanically from a sweet-potato ? 



32. Describe the calyx and corolla. What modifications of parts 

 take place in double flowers ? 



33. What is a fruit in Botany ? Explain the structure of an apple, 

 grape, almond, strawberry, fig, and pine-apple. 



34. What organs appear in the more perfect plants ? In what two 

 divisions are they comprised ? 



35. Weak climbing stems distinguished according to the mode in 

 which they support themselves, the direction of their growth, the 

 nature of their clasping organs. 



36. Structure and parts of a leaf : What is most important in 

 their study ? Give the leading divisions, and mention what 

 secondary distinctions are required in specific description ? 



37. Function of the flower : its origin ; its essential and accessory 

 parts : name of the circles and their component organs: circumstances 

 which explain the differences among flowers. 



38. Parts of the fully formed ovule and distinctions founded on 

 their relative position. 



