EXAMINATION PAPERS. 231 



33. What are the functions of the leaf in plant life ? 



State any differences between leaves which are surrounded by air 

 and leaves which float upon water. 



Give any laws according to which leaves are arranged upon the 

 stem. 



34. Give the names and relative positions of the parts of a com- 

 plete flower. 



Can you name a flower which is perfect but not complete ? 



35. When a pea is soaked in water it splits into two parts, united 

 by a small ligament, but a grain of corn does not. Explain the 

 meaning of this difference. 



36. Is an apple a Botanical fruit? If not, what is it? 



37. Name any plants belonging to the following natural orders : 

 Cruciferae, Carophyllaceae, Compositae, Labiatae. 



38. From what does the root of an exogenous plant originate? 

 What are the chief functions of roots ? How may roots be distin- 

 guished from underground stems ? 



39. From what do stems originate? Compare in appearance 

 transverse sections of the stem of an elm and of a stalk of maize. 

 How do these stems differ in their modes of growth ? 



40. What are the functions of foliage-leaves? Describe briefly 

 the general structure and appearance of the leaf of (a) the Sugar 

 Maple (Acer saccharinum) ; (b) the Indian Turnip (Ariscema 

 triphyllum). 



41. Name the parts of a complete flower, and briefly describe the 

 chief modifications due to cohesion, adhesion, and suppression of 

 parts. (Name illustrative examples of each modification you 

 describe.) 



42. Contrast a strawberry, a raspberry, and an apple, and compare 

 a gooseberry, a lemon, and a melon. 



43. What are the general characters of the Cruciferae, the Legu- 

 minosae, the Liliaceae, and the Graminese ? 



44. What are the morphological characters of roots? How do 

 adventitious roots differ from normal roots as respects their origin? 

 Briefly describe the normal mode of growth of the roots of Gym- 

 nosperms and Dicotyledons. 



45. Describe briefly the structure of the stem of the Sunflower 

 (Helianthus annuus). Mention the chief differences in the structure 

 and the mode of growth of the bark in different dicotyledonous 

 trees ? 



46. What is meant by an inflorescence? Distinguish between 

 definite and indefinite inflorescence, and briefly describe the chief 

 kinds of indefinite inflorescence, giving an example of each. 



47. Describe the structure and the process of germination of the 

 following named seeds : bean, buckwheat, marsh-marigold, oat. 



48. What are stomata ? On what plants and parts of plants are 

 they found ? What are their functions ? 



