214 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 



SUBCLASS II. GYM'NOSPERMS. 



Ovules and seeds naked (not enclosed in a pericarp), 

 and fertilized by the direct application of the pollen. 

 Represented in Canada by a single Order. 



ORDER XCIII. CONIF'ERjE. (PINE FAMILY.) 



Trees or shrubs with resinous juice and mostly monoecious 

 flowers, these in catkins, except the last Genus (Taxus), 

 in which the fertile flower is solitary and the fruit berry- 

 like. Leaves awl-shaped or needle-shaped. (See Part I., 

 Cap. xvi.. for descriptions of typical plants.) The Order 

 comprises three well-marked Suborders. 



SUBORDER I. ABIETIN'E^l. (PINE FAMILY PROPER.) 



Fruit a true cone, the imbricated scales in the axils of 

 bracts. Ovules 2 on the inside of each scale at the base, in 

 fruit coming off with a wing attached to each. Leaves 

 scattered or fascicled. (Part I., Figs. 197, 198.) 

 * Cones not ripening till the second year. 



1. I'iniis. Leaves needle-shaped, 2-5 in a cluster, evergreen, in the 



axil of a thin scale. Sterile catkins in spikes at the bases of the 

 new shoots, consisting of many almost sessile anthers spirally 

 inserted on the axis. Cones more or less woody, the scales widely 

 spreading when ripe. Cotyledons of the embryo several. 



* * Cones ripening the first year. 

 t- Cones pendulous, bracts smaller titan the scales. 



2. Pi'cea. Leaves sessile, keeled on both sides, scattered. 



3. Tsu'ga. Leaves petioled, flat, scattered, whitened beneath. 



+. H_ Cones erect, the bracts longer than the scales. 



4. A'foies. Leaves linear or needle-shaped, scattered uniformly along 



the new shoots, evergreen. Sterile catkins in the. axils of last year's 

 leaves. Cones with thin scales. 



5. Larix. Leaves needle-shaped, clustered or fascicled on lateral spurs 



of last year's wood, many in each bundle, falling off in the au- 

 tumn ; those on the new shoots scattered, but deciduous like the 

 rest. 



