xxii SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 



4. Nudiflor^. Perianth 0, or rudimentary. Ovary superior, syncarpous, 

 or monocarpellary. 



83. TyrHACE-aE. Flowers monoecious, in catkins or heads. Perianth 0, 

 or of scales or hairs. Stamens many; anthers basifixed. Ovary 1-2- 

 celled ; style persistent ; ovule 1, pendulous. Fruit a drupe or utricle. — 

 Erect marsh or water plants ; leaves linear ; flowers small or minute, in 

 conspicuous spiked heads, (p. 421.) 



84. Aroide^!. Flowers sessile on a spadix, enclosed in a spathe when 

 young, 1-2-sexual. Perianth 0, or of scale-like sepals. Stamens few or 

 many. Ovary 1- or more-celled. Berry few- or many-seeded. Albumen 

 mealy. — Herbs ; leaves various, often broad, net-veined ; flowers with 

 often conspicuous spathes or spadixes. (p. 423.) 



85. Lemnace^e. Minute floating cellular green fronds. Flowers em- 

 bedded in slits or cavities of the frond, most minute, 1-3 in a spathe. 

 Stamens 1-2. Ovary 1-celled, 1-7-ovuled. — Fronds covering ponds ; 

 flowers very rare and inconspicuous, (p. 424. ) 



5. ApocarpEjE. Perianth coloured and 2-seriate, or green 1-seriate, or 

 imperfect, or 0. Ovary superior, apocarpous or monocarpellary. Seeds 

 exalbuminous, cotyledonary end usually contracted hooked or coiled, 

 rarely straight. 



86. Alismace^:. Flowers usually 2-sexual. Perianth 6-partite, inner 

 segments or all petaloid. Stamens 6 or more. Carpels many. Fruit of 

 many achenes ; albumen ; radicle very large. — Marsh or water herbs ; 

 flowers usually conspicuous, (p. 426.) 



87. NaiadacEjE. Flowers 1-2-sexual. Perianth of 4 valvate sepals, 

 or imperfect, or 0. Stamens as many as the sepals, or fewer. Carpels 1-4, 

 1-ovuled. Albumen ; radicle very large. — Marsh or water plants ; 

 flowers inconspicuous, green, (p. 428.) 



6. Glumace^e. Perianth 0, or of bristles or very minute scales. 

 Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; styles or stigmas 2-3. Seeds albuminous, 

 embryo small. Flowers spicate, solitary in the axils of imbricating 

 bracts (glumes). 



88. Cyperace^;. Flowers 1-2-sexual. Perianth or of bristles, rarely 

 of scales. Stamens 1-3 ; anthers basifixed. Ovary 1-celled ; style 1, 

 stigmas 2-3 papillose ; ovule 1, erect. Fruit compressed or 3-gonous. 

 Embryo at the base of the albumen. — Stem usually solid, 3-gonous ; leaves 

 often grass-like, but with entire sheaths, (p. 439.) 



89. GraminejE. Flowers usually 2-sexual. Perianth usually of 2 very 

 minute scales. Stamens usually 3 ; anthers versatile. Ovary 1-celled, 

 stigmas 1-2, hairy or feathery. Fruit terete, or grooved on one side. 

 Embryo on one side of the base of the albumen. — Stem cylindrical, usually 

 hollow, except at the joints ; leaves with sheaths split to the base, 

 (p. 466.) 



