xii SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 



veins. Flowers with the organs mostly in fours or fives. Embryo with 

 opposite or whorled cotyledons. 



Sub-class I. Angiospermous Dicotyledons. .FZou^rs usually pro- 

 vided with a distinct perianth. Ovules contained in closed carpels, through 

 the tissues of which the pollen-tube passes to effect fertilization. Embryo 

 with 2 cotyledons 



Division I. Polypet alse. 



Flowers with both calyx and corolla (dichlamydeous). Petals free.— See 

 also the exceptional Monopetaloz. 



Exceptions. Flowers wanting either calyx or corolla occur in : 1 Rantjncu- 

 lace^e ; 6 Crucifer2E (5 Cardamine, 16 Senebiera, and 17 Lepidium) ; 

 9 Violace-E (apetalous forms of Viola); 12 Caryophylle^e (8 Arenaria 

 § Cherleria, 9 Sayina); 26 Rosacea (8 Alchemilla, 10 Poterium) ; 27 

 Saxifrages (2 Chrysospleniwm) ; 30 Halorages ; 31 Lythrace.e (2 

 Peplis) ; 32 Onagraries (2 Ludwiyia). 



Petals more or less connate or coherent occur in : 5 Fumariace;e ; 10 

 Polygale.e ; 13 Portulace.e ; 13* Tamariscine^e ; 16 Malvaceae ; 20 

 Ilicines; 28 Crassulaces (2 Cotyledon) ; 33 Cucurbitace.e. 



Sub-division I. Thalamiflo rse. Stamens inserted on the receptacle 

 (hypogynous), free from the calyx, or on a disk that terminates the pedicel. 

 Ovary superior. 



Exceptions. Stamens apparently perigynous or epigynous in 3 Nympu.eace.*: 

 (1 Nymphcea) and in some 12 Caryophylleje. 



* Ovary apocarpous, carpels 1 or more ; ovules sutural or basal. (See also 

 16 Malvaceae and 19 Geraniacese.) 



1. EANUNCULACEiE. Flowers regular or irregular. Stamens indefinite ; 

 anthers basifixed, opening by slits. Seeds albuminous. — Herbs with 

 alternate leaves (except Clematis), (p. 1.) 



2. Berberide^e. Flowers regular, 3-merous. Stamens definite, opposite 

 the petals ; anthers basifixed, opening by recurved valves. Seeds albumi- 

 nous. — Shrubs ; leaves alternate ; flowers often showy, (p. 14.) 



** Ovary syncarpous, 1-celled (except 3 Nyrnphseacese), or 2-celled by a 

 membranous septum ; ovules parietal, rarely basal. 



3. Nymph^eacEjE. Flowers regular. Stamens indefinite ; anthers 

 basifixed. Ovary many-celled ; ovules scattered over the walls of the 

 cells ; stigmas sessile. Seeds albuminous. — Water-herbs ; flowers show v. 

 (p. 15.) 



4. Papaverace^e. Flowers regular, 2-merous. Stamens indefinite ; 

 anthers basifixed. Ovules parietal or on the surfaces of partial dissepi- 

 ments ; style 1 or stigmas sessile. Seeds albuminous. — Herbs ; juice 

 milky j leaves alternate, exstipulate ; flowers usually showy, (p. 16.) 



