186 UMBELLIFER^E. [Caucalts. 



Hedges and waste places, N. to Caithness; ascends to 1,350 ft. in Yorks. ; 

 Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Sept. — Hispid more or less. Stem erect, 

 branched, solid, striate, hairs reflexed. Leaflets many, close set, J-J in., 

 pinnatifid or lobed. Umbels 5-12-rayed ; bracts small, subulate. Flowers 

 minute, white or pink, outer pedicelled fertile. Fmit § in., ovoid ; styles 

 short, straight. — Distrib. Europe, N. Africa, "W*. Asia to N.W. India. 



3. C. arven'sis, JTuds. ; leaves 1-2-pinnate, leaflets lax narrow, umbels 

 terminal compound, bracts or 1, spines of fruit spreading hooked. C. 

 helvetica, Jacq. ; C. infesta, Curt. 



Fields and waste places, from York and N". Wales southd. ; (a colonist, 

 Wats.); fi. July-Sept. — Hispid. Stem 6-10 in., much branched, often 

 from the base, angled, solid, leafy. Leafets pinnatifid, or cut and serrate, 

 oblong. Umbel-rays 2-8, short ; bracteoles linear or setaceous. Flowers 

 white or pink, irregular, outer fertile. Fruit oblong, covered with spines ; 

 styles rather slender. — Distrib. From Belgium southd., N. Africa. 



4. C. nodosa, Scop. ; leaves 1-2-pinnate, leaflets very small, umbels 

 leaf-opposed simple, spines of fruit spreading hooked and barbed. 



Dry banks, from Banff southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-July. — 

 Hispid. Stem 6-18 in., often prostrate, slender, flexuous, angled, solid. 

 Leaflets pinnatifid. Umbels shortly peduncled, subglobose; pedicels very 

 short, stout ; bracts 0. Flowers small, regular, pink ; female subsessile. 

 Fruit £-£ in., ovoid, inner of each umbel tubercled, outer with one or both 

 carpels furnished with hooked spines ; styles very short. —Distrib. From 

 Denmark southd., W. Africa, W. Asia to India. 



; Order XXXV. ARALiA'CEiE. 



Erect or climbing shrubs or trees ; pubescence often stellate. Leaves 

 alternate, simple or compound ; stipules adnate to the petiole or 0. Flowers 

 regular, umbellate or capitate. Calyx-limb superior, very short, entire 

 toothed or lobed. Petals 5, often coriaceous, very deciduous, valvate or 

 slightly imbricate in bud. Stamens 5, filaments inflexed ; anthers didy- 

 mous, versatile. Disk epigynous. Ovary 2- or more-celled ; st} r les or 

 stigmas as many as the cells ; ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, anatropous, 

 raphe ventral, integuments confluent with the nucleus. Drupe or berry 

 with 1 or more 1 -seeded cells. Seed pendulous, testa menbranous, albu- 

 men dense fleshy ; embryo minute. — Distrib. Chiefly trop. ; genera 

 31 : species 340. — Affinities. Close with Comcoe and Umbelliferce. — 

 Properties unimportant. 



1. H ED era, L. Ivy. 



Climbing shrubs. Leaves undivided or lobed, exstipulate. Umbels 

 panicled ; bracts minute or 6 ; pedicels not jointed ; flowers polygamous. 

 Calyx-limb 'entire or 5-toothed. Petals and stamens 5. Disk tumid. 

 Ovary 5-celled j styles short, connate, stigmas terminal. Berry subglobose, 



