COMPOSITE. 201 



whorled bracts ; floral bracts 0, or reduced to palese scales or bristles on 

 the receptacle. Flowers usually proterandrous and honeyed ; all tubular 

 (head discoid), or the outer, or all, ligulate (head rayed), 2-sexual, or the 

 inner 2-sexual or male, the outer female or neuter. Calyx-limb superior, 

 of hairs {pappus) or scales, or 0. Corolla of 2 forms : 1st, tubular, or cam- 

 panulate, 4 -5-lobed, lobes valvate with marginal nerves ; 2ndly, ligulate, 

 lobes elongate and connate into a strap-shaped or elliptic ligule. Disk 

 epigynous. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the corolla-tube, filaments usually 

 free ; anthers basi-fixed, usually connate ; connective produced upwards ; 

 cells simple or tailed at the base ; pollen subglobose, rough. Ovary 1- 

 celled ; style 2- fid, arms (sometimes connate) linear, naked or pubescent 

 or tipped by pubescent cones, margins stigmatic ; ovule solitary, basal, 

 erect, anatropous. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Seed erect, testa membranous, 

 albumen ; embryo straight, cotyledons plano-convex, radicle short. — 

 Affinities. Close with Bipsaeeaz, Valerianeoz, and Lobeliaccce. — Distrib. 

 All regions; genera 768; species 10,000. — Properties. Too numerous 

 to mention here. 



Series 1. TUBULIFLO'RiE. Flowers all tubular or the oitter only ligulate. 

 Juice watery. 



Tribe I. EUPATOltlEiE . Leaves mostly opposite. Flowers all tubular, 

 2-sexual. Anther-cells not tailed. Style-arms slender, ^-terete, papillose, 

 stigmatic lines not continued to the base 1. Eupatorium. 



Tribe II. ASTEROI'DEiE. Leaves alternate. Ray-flowers female or 

 neuter, ligulate, rarely all tubular ; style-arms linear, obtuse, glab- 

 rous, stigmatic lines confluent. Disk-flowers 2-sexual ; anther-cells not 

 tailed ; style-arms linear, glabrous, tipped with a pubescent cone. Pappus- 

 hairs or scales rigid or 0. 



Ray-flowers purple, 1-seriate, or 0. Pappus rigid 2. Aster. 



Ray-flowers in 2 or more series. Pappus-hairs rigid 3. Erigeron. 



Ray-flowers white or pink. Pappus 4. Bellis. 



Ray-flowers yellow. Pappus hairs rigid or 5. Solidago. 



Tribe III. INULOI'DE.ffi. Leaves alternate. Bay-flowers ligulate, yellow, 

 or ; disk -flowers tubular ; anther-cells with slender tails. Style-arms 

 and pappus as in Asteroidece. 



* Ray-flowers ligulate. Pappus scabrid. 



Pappus simple 6. Inula. 



Pappus with an outer row of short scales 7. Pulicaria. 



** Ray-flowers slender, tubular. Pappus silky. 



Heads 2-sexual. Receptacle flat, naked 8. Gnaphalium. 



Heads almost dioecious. Pappus of male clavate 9. Antennaria. 



Heads 2-sexual. Receptacle conical ; scales few 10. Filago. 



Tribe IV. HELIANTHOI'DEffi. Leaves opposite. Ray-flowers or 

 ligulate, yellow, female or neuter. Disk-flotvers 2-sexual. 



Pappus of 2-5 barbed bristles 11. Bidens. 



Pappus of broad ciliate scales 11*. Galinsoga. 



