Aiictium.] COMPOSITE. 221 



toothed, petioles hollow, heads |-£ in. diam., subsessile cottony. Common. 

 — Var. A. intermedium, Lange (A. pubens, Bab.); root-leaves crenate, 

 petioles with a slender tube, heads arachnoid, lower ones f-1 in. diam.. 

 of the raceme peduncled purple. — Var. A. nemoro'sum, Lej.; root-leaves 

 narrower coarsely crenate, crenatures apiculate, heads subsessile globose. 



23. CARLI'NA, L. CARLINE-THISTLE. 



Rigid, spinous herbs. Leaves pinnatifid. Outer invol. bracts leafy, 

 spin ous-toothed, spreading ; inner longer, narrower, scarious, coloured, 

 shining ; receptacle flat, deeply pitted, edges of the pits bristly. Corollas. 

 all tubular, glabrous, erect ; limb campanulate, 5-toothed. Filaments 

 glabrous ; anthers with a terminal appendage, cells with short plumose 

 tails. Style-arms connate into a pubescent cone. Fruit oblong, terete, 

 silky with 2-fid hairs ; pappus-hairs 1 -seriate, feathery, connate in threes or 

 fours at the base. — Distrib. Europe, N. and S. Africa, W. Asia ; species 

 about 14. — Etym. After Charlemagne, who used it medicinally. 



C. vnlga'ris, L. ; heads 2 or more, invol. bracts ciliate. 

 Dry fields and pastures, from Elgin and Arran southd. ; ascends to 1,200 ft. 

 in Northumbld. ; local in Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Oct. — Biennial, 

 hoary, root tapering. Stem 6-18 in., stout, simple or branched above, purple, 

 Radical leaves 3-5 in., spreading, lanceolate, spinous, cottony beneath ; 

 cauline many, shorter, §-amplexieaul. Heads f-1^ in. diam. ; outer bracts 

 cottony, spreading ; middle purplish; inner \ in., narrow, rigid, acnte, yellow, 

 spreading, erect when moist. Bristles of receptacle rigid, yellow, longer 

 than the soft pappus. Flowers purple. Fruit brown.— Distrib. Europe, 

 N. Africa, N. and W. Asia. 



24. SAUSSU REA, DC. 



Herbs. Leaves entire or divided. Heads corymbose, purple or violet ; 

 invol. bracts multi-seriate, imbricate, obtuse or acute ; receptacle flat, 

 covered with chaffy scales. Corollas all tubular, ventricose above, 5-fid. 

 Filaments glabrous ; anthers terminated by a long acute appendage, cells 

 with ciliate tails. Style-arms connate .below, pubescent, w.th a ring of 

 hairs at the base. Fruit glabrous ; pappus-hairs 2-seriate, outer filiform, 

 rough, usually persistent ; inner feathery, connate at the base, deciduous. 

 — Distrib. N. temp, regions ; species aboiit 60. — Etym. De Saussure, 

 the Swiss philosopher. 



S. alpi'na, DC. ; leaves oblong-lanceolate toothed cottony beneath. 

 Alpine rocks, N. Wales, Lake district, Dumfries ; Highlands, N. to Shetland ; 



ascends to 4,000 ft. ; W. Donegal ; fl. August.— Eootstock short, stoloniferous. 



Stem 6-8 in., stout, erect, leafy, simple, cottony. Leaves, lower petioled, 4- 



7 in., acuminate ; upper smaller, sessile. Heads 2-3 in., in dense corymbs ; 



involucre ovoid ; bracts oblong, obtuse, woolly, inner longer. Flowers ex- 



serted, purple ; anthers bluish. Fruit brown, ribbed ; pappus dirty white. 



—Distrib. Scandinavia (Arctic), N. Russia, Alps of Mid. Europe, N. Asia, 



N. America (a form). 



