224 COMPOSITE. [Serratula. 



26- SERRAT'XJLA, L. SAW-WORT. 



Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, radical simple, cauline usually 

 pinnatitid. Heads solitary, corymbose, sometimes dioecious, purple or 

 white ; invol. bracts many, imbricate, outer shorter, inner more or less 

 scarious at the tip ; receptacle scaly. Corollas regular, tubular, limb ven- 

 tricose ; lobes 5, narrow, oblique. Filaments papillose ; anther-cells simple 

 or shortly tailed. Style tumid .or papillose or with a ring of hairs at the 

 tip ; arms free or connate. Fruit oblong, compressed, glabrous, smooth ; 

 pappus-hairs many-seriate, rigid, scabrid, coloured, outer shorter, deci- 

 duous. — Distrib. Europe, Asia, N« America ; species about 30. — Etym. 

 serrula, from the serrate foliage. 



S. tincto'ria, L. ; leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, lobes distant serrate. 

 Copses, &c, from Dumfries and Northumbd. southd. ; ascends to 1,000 ft.; 

 Channel Islands ; fl. Aug.— Glabrous or nearly so. Stem 2-3 ft., slender, 

 erect, grooved, leafy, corymbosely branched. Leaves 5-9 in., rarely entire ; 

 lobes linear-oblong, acute or acuminate; cauliue sessile. Heads ^-^ in. , 

 corymbose, or subsessile (S. montic'ola, Boreau), cylindric-ovoid, subdicecious, 

 female largest ; invol. bracts ciliate, rigid, striate ; outer oblong or ovate, 

 acute; inner linear-oblong, purplish. Flowers red-purple; male with blue 

 anthers and contiguous style-arms; female with white anthers and 

 spreading style-arms. Fruit grey, glabrous ; pappus dirty white. — Distrib. 

 Europe, "W. Siberia. 



27. CAR'DUUS, L. THISTLE. 



. Erect herbs. Leaves usually spinous-toothed. Heads sometimes dioe- 

 cious ; involucre ovoid or globose ; bracts many, imbricated, appressed, 

 narrow, rigid, acuminate or spinous-tipped ; receptacle deeply pitted, 

 covered with bristles. Corollas all tubular, red or purple, rarely white, 

 tube short, ventricose above, oblique ; lobes 5, narrow, long. Filaments 

 free or connate, hairy or glandular ; anthers terminated by a linear appen- 

 dage, cells usually with toothed tails. Style- arms connate into a cylin- 

 drical 2-fid pubescent column, with a ring of hairs at the base. Fruit 

 oblong, compressed or terete, glabrous ; pappus-hairs many-seriate, fili- 

 form, scabrid, connate at the base, deciduous. — Distrib. Chiefly Europe 

 and W. Asia ; species about 30. — Etym. doubtful. 



1. C. nu'tans, X. ; wings of stem interrupted, head large solitary hemi- 

 spheric drooping, invol. bracts subulate-lanceolate, outer spreading and 

 reflexed. Musk-thisile. 

 Waste places, from Skye and Elgin southd. ; ascends to 1,600 ft. in Yorks. ; 



indigenous in Scotland and Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. July-Sept. — 



Biennial, rarely branched, more or less cottony. Stern 1-3 ft., grooved ; 



wings sinuous, very spiny. Leaves 6-12 in., variable, waved, entire or 1-2- 



pinnatifid. Heads 1-2 in. diam. ; peduncle slender, and involucre cottony ; 



outer bracts § in., green, spinous tip long. Flowers crimson. Fruit pale 

 • brown, glabrous, granulate. — Distrib. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, 



Himalaya ; introd. in N. America. 



