Cnicus.] COMPOSITE. 227 



purplish green. Flowers dark purple. Fruit pale, narrow, smooth; pappus 

 dirty white. — Distrib. Europe (Arctic), Siberia. — Stalks formerly eaten. 

 A hybrid with C. pratensis (C. Forsteri) occurs in bogs in Kent, Surrey, and 

 Sussex. 



ft Stem usually simple, not winged. Leaves soft, spines few. Heads 1 or few. 



6. C. pratensis, Willd. ; cottony, stoloniferous, roots fibrous, leaves 

 lanceolate sinuate-toothed orsubpinnatifid, heads usually solitary, involucre 

 hemispherical. Cir'sium ang'licum, Lamk. 



Wet meadows, rare, from York (ascending to 1,200 ft.) and N. Wales southd. ; 

 Ireland; fl. June- Aug. — Perennial. Stem 10-18 in., terete, cottony. Leaves 

 few, 6-10 in., lower long-petioled, lobes angled not deep or long; upper 

 ^-amplexicaul, auricled. Heads 1-1§ in., peduncled ; involucre cottony ; 

 bracts appressed, outer mucronate, inner slender purple acuminate. Flowers 

 dark purple. Fruit pale, slender, smooth; pappus dirty white. — Distrib. 

 Holland, Spain, France.— C. Woodwards'ii, Wats., is, according to Syme, 

 probably a hybrid with acau'lis. Wilts, Glamorgan. 



7. C. tubero'sus, Hoffm. ; not stoloniferous, root of fusiform tubers, 

 leaves deeply pinnatifid, lobes remote narrow 2-4-cleft, heads 1-3, involucre 

 ovoid depressed at the base. 



Meadows, Boyton, Wilts, and near Swindon ; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Yery closely 

 allied to C. pratensis, and regarded by Naegeli as a var. of it. — Distrib. 

 France, Germany, and southd. 



8. C. heterophyl'lus, Willd. ; stoloniferous, roots fibrous, leaves 

 lanceolate serrulate ciliate white beneath, upper entire or pinnatifid, heads 

 few large intruded at the base. Melancholy Thistle. 



Subalpine pastures and rivulets, from Caithness to S. Wales, Stafford, and 

 Derby ; ascends to 2,700 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. July-Sept. — Rootstock 

 creeping. Stem 2-3 ft;, white, cottony, furrowed. Leaves soft, radical long- 

 petioled, 8-18 in. ; upper often ovate, §-amplexicaul, base cordate. Heads 

 1^-2 in. diam. ; involucre ovoid, bracts finely pubescent, appressed, outer 

 mucronate, inner linear. Flowers red-purple. Fruit smooth, small, brown ; 

 pappus-hairs brownish. — Distrib. N. and Mid. Europe (Arctic), N". America. 

 — C. Carolo'rum, Jenner, is a hybrid with C. palus'tris. 



29. ONOPOR'DON, L. Cotton Thistle. 



Tall, erect, branched herbs. Stems broadly winged. Leaves alternate, 

 decurrent, spinous-toothed. Heads large ; involucre subglobose ; bracts 

 very many, imbricate, coriaceous, spinescent ; receptacle fleshy, pitted, 

 edges of the pits membranous toothed. Corollas all tubular, ventricose 

 above, purple, rarely white ; lobes 5, long, slender. Filaments nearly 

 glabrous ; anthers with a terminal appendage, cells shortly tailed. Style- 

 arms connate into a 2-fid cylinder, with a ring of hairs at the base. Fruit 

 obovoid, compressed, 4-ribbed, rugose ; pappus-hairs many-seriate, filiform 

 or flattened, barbed or toothed, connate at the base. — Distrib. S. Europe, 

 W. Asia, N. Africa ; species 12. — Etym. The old Greek name. 



O. Acan thium L. ; leaves sinuate-pinnatifid woolly. 



Q 2 



