242 COMPOSITE. [Sonchus. 



flat, naked, pitted. Corollas all ligulate, yellow ; anther-cells shortly 

 tailed ; style-arms slender, and upper part of style hairy. Fruit truncate, 

 much compressed, grooved, ribbed, usually transversely rugose ; pappus- 

 hairs in many series, simple, silky. — Distrib. N. and S. temp, regions ; 

 species about 24. — Etym. doubtful. 



1. S. arven'sis, L. ; rootstock creeping stoloniferous, leaves sharply 

 toothed, lower runciuate, upper oblong-lanceolate ^-amplexicaul, auricles 

 obtuse, inflorescence usually glandular-hispid. Corn Sowthistlc. 

 Cultivated fields, N. to Shetland; ascends to 1,000 ft. in Northumbd. ; Ire- 

 land ; Channel Islands ; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Stem 2-4 ft., fistular, angled, simple 

 or branched. Leaves very variable, margins waved, almost spinous ; glau- 

 cous beneath. Heads 1-2 in. diam. ; involucre broadly campanulate. Fruit 

 light-brown. — Distrib. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, temp. Asia, India ; 

 introd. in America. — A robust form ((/labra, Lond. Cat.) occurs with 

 eglandular inflorescence. 



2. S. palus'tris, L. ; rootstock branched, leaves minutely toothed, 

 lower runcinate with few segments, upper entire sessile sagittate, auricles 

 acute, inflorescence glandular-hispid. 



Marshes in England, very rare, Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, Hunts, Kent and 

 Essex, now all but extinct ; fl. July-Sept. — Stem 5-9 ft., strict, stout, 

 fistular, angled, leafy. Leaves long-acuminate, lower very large and long, 

 often reduced to one sagittate blade and a broad winged petiole, very 

 glaucous beneath. Heads f-1 in. diam., pale yellow, subumbellate ; peduncle 

 stout, very hispid and glandular. Fruit 4-ribbed, pale. — Distrib. From 

 Denmark southd. 



3. S. olera'ceus, L. ; annual, leaves lanceolate i-amplexicaul sharply 

 toothed entire or pinnatifid, auricles rounded, inflorescence subumbellate 

 glabrous rarely glandular. 



Fields and waste places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in Yorkshire ; 



Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Sept. — Stem 2-3 ft., erect, usually 



branched, tubular, grooved. Leaves sessile or petioled, glaucous beneath, 



usually much lobed, often spinous-toothed. Heads crowded, f-1 in. diam. ; 



peduncle sometimes cottony. Fruit pale brown. — Distrib Europe, N. 



and W. Asia, India, N. Africa, S. Australia, N. Zealand; introd. in 



America. 

 S. olera'ceus proper ; auricles hastate, fruit ribbed and transversely 



wrinkled. 

 Sub-sp. S. As'per, Hoffm. ; leaves waved spinous, auricles suborbicular 



deflexed and recurved, fruit ribbed but not transversely wrinkled. 



42. TRAGOPO'GON, L. 



Erect, usually simple glabrous herbs, with biennial or perennial tap- 

 roots, juice milky. Leaves alternate, entire, amplexicaul. Heads solitary ; 

 invol. bracts 1-seriate, usually exceeding the flowers, narrow, nearly equal, 

 connate at the base ; receptacle convex, naked or fimbriate. Corollas all 

 ligulate, yellow or purple ; anther-cells tailed, upper part of style hairy. 

 arms slender obtuse. Fruit slender, muricate, beak long ; pappus-hairs 



