368 CUPULIFERJE. [Corylus. 



base. Perianth 0. Stamens 4-8, filaments short ; anther-cells separate, 

 tips hairy. Female fl. sessile in pairs in the upper bracts of a minute 

 head, each enclosed in a 3-partite bracteole which enlarges after flowering. 

 Calyx-limb unequally toothed. Ovary 2-celled ; styles filiform ; ovules 

 1 in each cell, pendulous. Fruit woody, 1 -celled, 1 -seeded, enclosed in 

 the greatly enlarged coriaceous more or less cut bract and bracteoles. 

 Cotyledons thick, plano-convex, included in the nut in germination. — 

 Distrib. Temp. N. hemisphere ; species 7. — Etym. Kopvs, from the 

 cap-like form of the involucre. 



C. Avella'na, L. ; leaves orbicular-cordate doubly serrate cuspidate. 



Copses and hedges, N. to Orkney ; ascends to nearly 1,900 ft. in the High- 

 lands ; Ireland; Channel Islands ; fl. Feb .-March. — A glandular, hispid and 

 pubescent shrub ; rarely a tree 30 ft., with trunk 3 ft. girth at the ground 

 (Eastwell Park, Kent). Leaves 2-4 in., distichous, base unequal, plaited 

 parallel to the midrib in bud ; petiole short ; stipules oblong, obtuse. Male 

 catkins 1-2 in., 2-4 in a raceme, female heads subsessile. Fruit on an elon- 

 gated branch, |-£ in., clustered, woody ; involucre palmately lobed and cut, 

 unarmed. — Distrib. Europe, N. Africa, temp. Asia. — Wood very elastic. 

 Nuts yield abundance of bland oil. 



6. CARPI'NUS, Linn, Hornbeam. 



Trees. Leaves deciduous. — Male. Calkins lateral ; bracts ovate, acute. 

 Stamens 3-12 in the axil of the bract, filaments slender forked ; anther- 

 cells separate, stipitate, tips hairy. — Female. Spikes terminal, erect in 

 flower, pendulous in fruit ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, caducous ; flowers in 

 pairs, each in a lobed bracteole which enlarges after flowering. Calyx-limb 

 toothed. Ovary strongly nerved, 2-celled ; styles 2, filiform ; ovules 1 in 

 each cell, pendulous. Fruit almost woody, nerved, 1 -celled, 1-seeded, en- 

 closed in the large leafy lobed bracteole. Cotyledons fleshy. — Distrib. 

 N. temp, zone ; species 9. — Etym. The Latin name. 



C. Bet'ulus, L. ; leaves elliptic-ovate doubly serrate hairy beneath, 

 female bracts 3-lobed 3-nerved mid-lobe much the longest. 



From N. "Wales, Stafford and Norfolk to Devon and Kent ; planted N. of this 

 and in Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May. — A small tree, sometimes 70 ft.; 

 with the trunk (usually flattened) 10 ft. in girth ; bark smooth, light-grey , 

 wood close, white, heavy. Leaves 2-3 in., subdistichous, acute or acuminate, 

 shortly petioled, plaited parallel to the nerves in bud ; stipules large, linear- 

 oblong. Male catkins 1-2 in., pendulous ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute. 

 Female 2-4 in., pendulous in fruit, cylindric ; bracteole 1-1§ in., entire or 

 toothed. Fruit J in., green, 7-11-nerved. — Distrib. From Gothland 

 southd., W. Asia. — Wood the best fuel, very tough and difficult to work. 



