380 CONIFERS. [Pinus. 



P. sylves'tris, L. ; leaves in pairs, cones ovoid young recurved, seeds 



winged. Scotch Fir. 



In a few spots, York to Sutherland ; ascends to 2,200 ft. ; Ireland ; once na- 

 tive of many parts of Britain; planted elsewhere ; fl. May-June. — A tree, 

 50-100 ft., trunk attainiug 12 ft. girth ; wood red or white ; bark red-brown, 

 rough. Leaves 2-3 in., falling in the 3d year, acicular, acute, grooved 

 above, convex and glaucous beneath, minutely serrulate, sheath fimbriate. 

 Male catkins J in., yellow ; connective produced. Cones 1-2 in., 1-3 to- 

 gether, acute ; scales few, ends rhomboid with a transverse keel and 

 deciduous point. Seed \ in., wing cuneate, much exceeding the nucleus. — 

 Distrib. Europe, N. Asia. — Yields tar, pitch, rosin, turpentine, and deals. 



2. JUNIP'ERUS, L. Juniper. 



Trees or bushes ; heart- wood red, odorous. Leaves opposite or whorled 

 in threes, all subulate, or on the young shoots subulate, on the old scale- 

 like and appressed. Male catkins solitary or crowded, of many 2-6-celled 

 anthers. Cone ripening the 2d year, small, globose, baccate, of 4-6 

 decussate or whorled confluent fleshy scales, the upper and lower 

 flowerless. Ovules 1-2 under each scale, erect. Seeds 1-8, enclosed in the 

 fleshy confluent scales, free or connate, testa various ; cotyledons 2-5, 

 oblong, radicle superior. — Distrib. Temp, and cold N. hemisphere ; 

 species 27. — Etym. The classical name. 



J. communis, L. ; leaves whorled in threes subulate pungent glaucous 

 above, margins and midrib thickened. 

 Open hill-sides, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,400 ft. ; Ireland ; fl. May-June. 



— Shrubby, 1-5 ft., rarely subarboreous (10-20 ft., with trunk 5 ft. in girth). 



Bark flaking, fibrous, red-brown. Leaves ^-1 in., crowded ; lower shorter, 



oblong-lanceolate, concave. Cone f-| in. diam., very fleshy, blue-black, 



glaucous, with scarious empty scales at its base. — Distrib. Europe, N. 



Africa, N. and Mid. Asia, N. America, Arctic regions. — A diuretic. 

 J. commu'nis proper ; leaves spreading straight subulate. — Var. J. na'na, 



Willd. ; leaves shorter broader imbricate incurved. Mountains from N-. 



Wales and Westmoreland to Shetland, ascends to 2,700 ft. 



3. TAX'US, Tournef. Yew. 



A tree or shrub ; wood very tough, heart-wood red ; wood-cells with a 

 spiral thickening within. Leaves linear, 2-farious ; petiole very short, 

 with a half twist. Male catkin peltate, subglobose with 5-8 anthers 

 surrounded at the base ' by imbricate scarious empty scales. — Female 

 of a few minute scales, and 1 terminal erect ovule seated on a fleshy disk, 

 which enlarges into a red fleshy cup containing the seed. Seed ovoid, 

 subcompressed, testa bony ; cotyledons 2, short, radicle superior. — Dis- 

 trib. N. temp, regions to the Arctic circle. — Etym. possibly ro^ov, from 

 the wood being used for bows. 



T. bacca'ta, L. ; leaves linear more or less falcate acute. 



