LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



FIG. i. Successive forms of Paludina, from the Tertiary deposits 



ofSlavonia ........ 19 



2. Skeleton of Seal 52 



3. Skeleton of Greenland Whale 53 



4. Paddle of Whale compared with Hand of Man . . 54 



5. Wing of Reptile, Mammal, and Bird .... 56 



6. Skeleton of Dinornis grams . . . . . .61 



7. Hermit-crabs compared with the cocoa-nut crab . . 64 



8. Rudimentary or vestigial hind-limbs of Python . . 67 

 g. Apteryx Australia 69 



10. Illustrations of the nictitating membrane in various 



animals named 75 



11. Rudimentary, or vestigial and useless, muscles of the 



human ear 76 



12. Portrait of a young male gorilla 78 



13. Portrait of a young male child 79 



14. An infant, three weeks old, suppoiting its own weight . 81 



15. Sacrum of Gorilla compared with that of Man, showing 



the rudimentary tail-bones of each .... 82 



1 6. Diagrammatic outline of the human embryo when about 



seven weeks old . . , . .. . . 83 



17. Front and back view of adult human sacrum ... 84 



1 8. Appendix vermiformis in Orang and in Man ... 85 



19. The same, showing variation in the Orang ... 85 



20. Human ear 86 



21. Foetus of an Orang 87 



22. Vestigial characters of human ears . . . .88 



23. Hair-tracts on the arms and hands of Man, as compared 



with those on the arms and hands of Chimpanzee . 90 



24. Molar teeth of lower jaw in Gorilla, Orang, and Man . 93 



