92 



DISSECTION OF THE UPPER LIMB. 



SECTION VII. 



LIGAMENTS OF THE SHOULDER, ELBOW, WRIST, AND 

 HAND. 



Directions. Directions. The ligaments of the remaining articulations of the 

 limb, which are still moist, may be examined at once ; but if any 

 of them have become dry, they may be softened by immersion in 

 water, or with a wet cloth, while the student learns the others. 

 Dissection Dissection. For the preparation of the external ligaments of 

 ligaments of the shoulder-joint the tendons of the surrounding muscles, viz., 

 shoulder. siibscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor, must 

 be detached from the capsule ; and as these are closely united with 

 the capsule some care will be needed not to injure it. 



THE SHOULDER-JOINT. This ball and socket joint (fig. 38) is 

 formed between the head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa of 

 the scapula. Enclosing the articular ends of the bones is a fibrous 

 capsule lined by a synovial membrane. A ligamentous band 

 (glenoid ligament) deepens the shallow scapular cavity for the 

 reception of the large head of the humerus. 



The bones are but slightly bound together by ligaments, for, on 

 the removal of the muscles, the head of the humerus may be drawn 

 from the scapula for the distance of an inch. 



The capsular ligament (fig. 14, 5 , p. 36) encloses the articular 

 portions of the bones. It is much thickened above, and is thin 

 below. The surrounding tendons are closely adherent to it above, 

 in front and behind. 



By the one end it is fixed around the articular surface of the 

 scapula, where it is connected with the long head of the triceps. 

 By the other the ligament is fixed (fig. 38) to the neck of the 

 humerus close to the articular surface above, but at a little dis- 

 tance down the bone below ; and its attachment is interrupted 

 between the tuberosities (6) by the tendon of the biceps muscle, 

 across which fibres are continued, covering in the groove (fig. 14). 

 On the inner side there is an aperture in the capsule, below the 

 coracoid process, through which the synovial membrane of the joint 

 is continuous with thebursa beneath the tendon of the subscapularis. 



The following muscles surround the articulation ; above and 

 behind are the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor ; below 

 are the long head of the triceps and the lower part of the subscapu- 

 laris ; and in front it is covered by the last-named muscle. 



On the upper part of the capsule is a thick band of fibres the 

 coraco-humeral or accessory ligament (fig. 14, 8 ), which springs from 

 the outer side of the coracoid process of the scapula, and widening 

 over the top of the joint, is attached to the great tuberosity and 

 margins of the bicipital groove. 



Dissection. To see the interior of the articulation cut away the 

 posterior part of the capsule, leaving its attachments to the humerus 



Shoulder- 

 joint, 

 outline of. 



Looseness. 



Capsular 

 ligament 



attach- 

 ments ; 



aperture 



muscles 

 around 



accessory 

 band. 



Dissection 



