MOVEMENTS OF THE SPINE. 



497 



fibrous bundles (fig. 184, 4 ) passing between the extremities of the 

 transverse processes of the middle vertebrae, and representing the 

 intertransverse muscles of the lower spaces. In the neck they are 

 absent. 



LIGAMENTS OF SPECIAL VERTEBRAE. The description of the 

 ligaments of the first two cervical, and of the sacral and coccygeal 

 vertebrae, will be found with the dissection of the neck and of the 

 pelvis. 



MOVEMENTS OF SPINAL COLUMN. The spinal column can be 

 bent forwards, backwards, and to each side ; and it can be rotated. 



In flexion, the ver- 

 tebrae between the 

 axis and sacrum are 

 inclined forwards. 

 The greatest move- 

 ment takes place be- 

 tween the lower lum- 

 bar vertebras and the 

 sacrum ; there is an 

 intermediate degree 

 in the neck ; and the 

 least is in the upper 

 half of the dorsal 

 region, where the ribs 

 are united to the 

 sternum. 



The bodies of the 

 bones are brought 

 nearer together in 

 front, while they are 

 separated behind. 

 The inferior pair of 

 articular processes of 

 the second vertebra 

 glide upwards on the 

 upper ones of the 

 third ; the inferior 

 processes of the third 



bone move in like manner on the upper ones of the fourth ; and so 

 on throughout the moveable column. 



The ligament in front of the bodies is relaxed, but the posterior 

 and those uniting the neural arches and processes are tightened. 

 The fore part of each intervertebral disc is compressed, and the 

 back is stretched. 



In extension, the column is arched backwards. The motion is 

 most in the neck, and least in the dorsal vertebrae, which are fixed 

 by the true ribs and the sternum, and are impeded in their move- 

 ment by the overlapping spinous processes. 



The posterior parts of the vertebrae are approximated, while 

 the anterior are separated ; and the inferior articular processes of 



Ligaments 

 of special 

 vertebrae. 



Kinds of 

 motion. 



Flexion : 



degree ; 



movement 

 of bones ; 



FIG. 184. LIGAMENTS OF THE PROCESSES OF THE 

 VERTEBRA, AND OF THE RIBS (BOURGERY). 



1. Supraspinous ligament. 



2. Ligamentum subflavuni. 



3. Posterior costo-trans verse ligament : on the 

 opposite side the band has been removed and the 

 joint opened. 



4. Intertransverse ligament. 



state of 

 ligaments. 



Extension : 

 where most 

 and least ; 



movement 

 of bones ; 



D.A. 



K K 



