THE SYMPATHETIC NERVE. r.37 



,f jto bring them into view : The jugular vein having been cut through, 

 jthe upper ganglion will be seen by raising the carotid artery and the 

 [trunks of the vagus and hypo-glossal nerves, and by cutting through 

 the I'ranches that unite these two to the loop between the first and 

 [second spinal nerves. The several branches of the ganglion are to be 

 traced upwards on the carotid artery, inwards to the pharynx, down- 

 wards along the neck, and outwards to other nerves. 



The dissector has already seen the middle ganglion on or near the of middle; 

 inferior thyroid artery, and its branches to spinal nerves, and along 

 the neck, are now to be traced. 



To obtain a view of the inferior ganglion the greater part of the and inferior 

 first rib is to be taken away, and the subclavian artery is to be cut 

 through, internal to the scalenus anticus, and drawn aside, without, 

 however, destroying the fine nerves that pass over it. It is supposed 

 that the clavicle has been removed. The ganglion is placed close 

 above the neck of the first rib ; its branches are large, and are easily 

 followed outwards to the vertebral artery and the spinal nerves, and 

 downwards to the thorax. 



The SUPERIOR CERVICAL GANGLION is the largest of the three, and Superior 

 of a reddish-grey colour. Fusiform in shape, it is as long as the near skull* 

 second and third cervical vertebrae, and is placed on the rectus capitis 

 anticus major muscle, beneath the internal carotid artery and the beneath 

 contiguous cranial nerves. Branches connect the ganglion with other carotld - 

 nerves ; and some are distributed to the blood-vessels, the pharynx, 

 and the heart. 



Connecting branches unite the sympathetic with both the spinal and Connecting 



. , ' branches 



the cranial nerves. 



With the spinal nerves. The four highest spinal nerves have with spinal 

 branches of communication with the upper ganglion of the sym- n * 

 pathetic ; but the offset to the fourth nerve may come from the cord 

 connecting the upper to the next ganglion. 



With the cranial nerves. Near the skull the lower ganglion of the with cranial 



, , . , , - i below skull 



vagus and the hypoglossal nerve are joined by branches ot the sym- 

 pathetic. Another offset from the upper part of the ganglion ascends and in 

 to the jugular foramen, and divides into two filaments which join foramen; 

 the petrosal ganglion of the glosso-pharyngeal and the root-ganglion 

 of the vagus. 



Communications are formed with several other cranial nerves by and with 

 means of the ascending offset from the ganglion into the carotid skull" 1 

 canal (p. 518). 



Branches for >U.<tribution. The branches of this set are more Branches, 

 numerous than the preceding, and the nerves are generally of larger 

 size. 



The ascending branch, prolonged from the upper part of the To internal 

 ganglion, accompanies the internal carotid artery and its branches. ca n ' 

 Near the skull it divides into two pieces which enter the canal for 

 the carotid, one on each side of that vessel, and are continued to 

 the eyeball and the pia mater of the brain, forming secondary which join 

 plexuses on the ophthalmic and cerebral arteries. In the carotid 



