MENTAL STATES AND PROCESSES. 103 



language and the faculty of thought, the philosophical 

 propriety of the identification has become more and 



single conceptual word, we have to pass through at least five 

 stages : — 



"(i) Consciousness of our own repeated acts. 



" (2) Clamor concomitans of these acts. 



" (3) Consciousness of that clamor as concomitant of the act. 



" (4) Repetition of that clamor to recall the act. 



" (5) Clamor (root) defined by prefixes, suffixes, etc., to recall 

 the act as locaUzed in its results, its instruments, its agents, etc. 



" You can see from my preface to the ' Science of Thought ' 

 that I was quite prepared for fierce attacks, whether they came 

 from theologians, from philosophers, or from a certain class of 

 scholars. So far from being discouraged, I am really delighted 

 by the opposition which my book has roused, though you would be 

 surprised to hear what strong support also I have received from 

 quarters where I least expected it. I have never felt called upon 

 to write a book to which everybody should say A7nen. When I 

 write a book, I expect the world to say tamen, as I have always 

 said tamen to the world in writing my books. I have been called 

 very audacious for daring to interfere with philosophy, as if the 

 study of language, to which I have devoted the whole of my life, could 

 be separated from a study of philosophy. I have listened very 

 patiently for many years to the old story that grammar is one 

 thing and logic another ; that the former deals with such laws of 

 thought as are observed, the latter with such as ought to be ob- 

 served. No, no. True philosophy teaches us another lesson — 

 namely, that in the long-run nothing is except what ought to be, 

 and that in the evolution of the mind, as well as in that of Nature, 

 natural selection is rational selection ; or, in reality, the triumph 

 of reason, the triumph of what is reasonable and right ; or, as 

 people now say, of what is fittest. We must learn to recognize in 

 language the true evolution of reason. In that evolution nothing 

 is real or remains real except what is right ; nay, in it even the 

 apparently irrational and anomalous has its reason and justifica- 

 tion. Towards the end of the last century, what used to be called 

 Grammaire Generale formed a very favourite subject for acade- 

 mic discussions ; it has now been replaced by what may be called 

 Grammaire Historiqtie. In the same manner, Formal Logic, or 

 the study of the general laws of thought, will have to make room 

 for Historical Logic, or a study of the historical growth of 



