CONTENTS. Xlll 



SECT. II. Operations of Culture Training continued. PAGK 



784. To train. 785. The principles. 786. Manual operations of 

 training. 787. Training herbaceous plants. 788. Herbaceous and 

 shrubby plants in pots. 789. Training hardy flowering shrubs in the 

 open ground. 790. Evergreen shrubs. 791. Training fruit-trees. 

 792. The different modes of training bushes and trees in the open 

 garden. 793. The different modes of training fruit-trees against walls 

 or espaliers. 794. Dwarfs in the open garden. 795. Spiral cylinders. 

 796. Standards in the open garden. 797. The spurring-in system. 

 798. Conical standards. 799. Hayward's quenouille- training. 800. 

 Fan-training. 801. Fan-training in the common English manner. 

 802. Fan-training according to Seymour's mode. 803. Fan-training 

 in the wavy or curvilinear manner. 804. Wavy fan-training with two 

 stems. 805. Wavy fan-training with a single stem. 806. Horizontal 

 training. 807. Fan-training and horizontal training combined. 808. 

 Perpendicular training. 809. Instruments and materials. 810. Com- 

 parative view of the different modes of training. 811. A standard tree. 



6 Weeding . ...... 378 



813. A weed. 814. Annual weeds. 815. Perennial weeds. 816. 

 Weeds in gravel-walks. 817. Weeds in lawns or on grass-walks. 

 818. Weeds in shrubberies and plantations. 819. Weeds in woods and 

 park scenery. 820. Weeding ponds, rivers, and artificial waters. 

 7. Watering . . . . . . .382 



821. Water. 822. The specific purposes for which water is used in 

 horticulture. 823. The ordinary sources from which water is obtained 

 in gardens. 824. The distribution of water. 825. The ordinary mode 

 of giving water to plants. 826. When it is proper to water, and 

 how much water to give. 827. Whether plants should be watered over 

 the leaves, or only over the soil in which they grow. 828. Watering 

 plants in pots. 829. Aquatic and marsh plants. 830. Watering with 

 liquid manure. 831. To economise the water given to plants. 

 8. Stirring the soil and manuring . ... 388 



9. Blanching . . . . . . 389 



10. Protection from atmospherical injuries . . . 389 



835. The object of shading. 836. Sheltering from wind. 837. The 

 principles of protecting from cold. 838. Protecting from rain. 

 11. Accelerating vegetation ..... 391 



839. Acceleration. 840. Artificial heat. 841. Hotbeds. 842. Pre- 

 paration of materials for hotbeds. 843. M'Phail's hotbed or pit. 

 844. The formation of common hotbeds. 845. Ashes, tan, and leaves. 

 846. The nightly covering to hotbeds and pits. 847. Management of 

 hotbeds and pits heated by dung. 



12. Retarding vegetation 395 



13. Resting vegetation 396 



849. In the natural state of vegetation. 850. Nightly temperature. 



851. What the night temperature of a hotbed or hothouse ought to be. 



852. Double glass roofs. 853. The annual resting of plants. 854. The 

 natural period of rest in hardy plants. 855. The advantages of putting 

 trees that are to be forced into a state of rest. 



14. Operations of gathering, preserving, keeping, and packing . 401 

 856. Gathering. 857. Preserving. 858. Keeping fruits. 859. Packing 



and transporting plants and seeds. 860. Packing fruits and flowers. 



15. Selecting and improving plants in culture .... 403 

 8G2. Cultivation. 863. Selection. 864. Selecting from accidental 



variations. 865. Cross-breeding. 866. Precautions against promiscuous 



fecundation. 867. Fixing and rendering permanent the variety produced. 



868. The production of double flowers. 869. Duration of varieties. 



16 Operations of order and keeping 409 



871. Order. 872. Keeping. 873. Rules. 



