14 CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 



CoROLL.EFLOR-Si. 



40. The characteristic of this division is petals united ; stamens fixed to 

 the corolla. The most important orders are Scrophulariaceae and Labiaceae : 

 both very readily distinguished. 



41. Scrophulariacece. Calyx and corolla irregularly four to five cleft; 

 stamens two to four ; fruit, a two-celled, many-seeded capsule. Herbs, 

 undershrubs, and occasionally shrubs ; natives of, and found in abundance 

 in, all parts of the world. Leaves simple, opposite, whorled or alternate, 

 with or without stipules. Flowers axillary or racemose, often showy. Pro- 

 perties, acridity and bitterness ; sometimes purgative or emetic. Familiar 

 examples are, Buddlea, Snapdragon, Scrophularia, Foxglove, Eyebright, 

 Calceolaria, Schizanthus, and Veronica. 



42. LabiacecB. Calyx tubular, five to ten parted; corolla lipped; sta- 

 mens two to four ; seeds four together, enclosed in a general seed-vessel, 

 superior ; flowers whorled. Herbaceous plants or undershrubs with four- 

 cornered stems and opposite ramifications ; natives principally of the tempe- 

 rate regions of both hemispheres. Leaves simple or compound, opposite 

 without stipules; abounding in pores filled with aromatic oil. Flowers 

 sessile, in axillary cymes. Properties tonic, cordial, and stomachic. Familiar 

 examples are, Mint, Savory, Thyme, Pennyroyal, Hyssop, Germander, 

 Rosemary, Day-nettle, Betony, Ground Ivy, Horehound, Lavender, Balm of 

 Gilead, Balin, and Sage. 



43. Other orders in this subdivision are : Epacridaceae, Cape and Aus- 

 tralian shrubs resembling Epacris, and frequent in greenhouses, flowering in 

 the winter. Myrsinacae, Jasminacse, Asclepiadaceae, Gentianacese, Bigno- 

 niceae, Cobaeaceae, Polemoniaceae, Convolvulaceae, Boraginaceae, Hydrophyl- 

 laceae, Solanaceae,VerbenaceaB, Acanthaceae, Primulaceae, and various others. 



MONOCHLAMYDE^I. 



44. Calyx and corolla not distinct ; that is, the flowers have only a single 

 envelope. The principal orders are Amentaceae and Coniferae. 



45. Amentacece. Flowers monoecious ; that is, the male and female in 

 separate catkins, but borne on the same plant; or dioecious, that is, the male 

 and female on different plants. The stameniferous flowers in drooping catkins ; 

 fruitsolitary, or aggregate ; in some one-celled, enclosed in a sheathed capsule, 

 as in the Oak, Chestnut, Beech, Hazel, and Hornbeam ; in others with the 

 fruit small and tufted with fine hairs, as in the Willow and Poplar ; and in 

 others two-celled, with small seeds not enclosed in the receptacle, and not 

 clothed with hairs, as in the Birch and Alder. Trees, and some shrubs ; 

 natives chiefly of the temperate regions of both hemispheres. Leaves 

 simple ; flowers not showy. 



46. Conifera. Flowers in catkins generally erect ; fruit a cone, as in 

 Pines and Firs ; sometimes with scales compressed so as to resemble a berry, 

 as in the Juniper and Yew. Seeds naked. Trees, and some shrubs, natives of 

 every part of the world ; often called resiniferous trees. Every one has seen 

 a Pine, a Fir, or a Cedar, and their cones ; and the fruit of the Juniper and 

 the Yew are not uncommon. The Coniferae are frequently spoken of as in 

 two divisions ; the one the Abietinae, or Pine and Fir tribe ; and the other 

 the Cupressinae, or the Cypress and Juniper tribe. 



47. Other orders belonging to this division are Plantaginese, plants more 



