TRAINING. 359 



into consideration. Trees of temporary duration, which naturally produce 

 numerous divergent branches, such as the peach and the apricot, are best 

 adapted for fan training, where the climate is favourable ; but in a cold cli- 

 mate an approach to the horizontal manner may be preferable, by lessening 

 the quantity of wood produced and thus facilitating its ripening. The hori- 

 zontal system of training produces the greatest constraint on nature, and is 

 therefore adapted for fruit-trees of the most vigorous growth, and of large 

 size, such as the pear and apple, which are almost always trained in this 

 manner, whether on walls or espaliers. For plants producing shoots having 

 little or no tendency to ramify, and which are of short duration, such as the 

 vine, climbing roses, &c., the perpendicular manner is the most natural and 

 the easiest ; nevertheless, by disbudding and training, plants of this kind can 

 be made to assume the fan form, and thus be rendered more productive in 

 blossoms and fruit, than if trained in a manner which is more natural to 

 them ; and in the case of the vine, even the horizontal system may be 

 adopted, because its shoots are of great duration. We shall first describe the 

 methods of training dwarfs and standards in the open garden, and next the 

 different modes of flat training on walls and espaliers. 



794. Dwarfs in the open garden are trained in the form of hollow bushes, 

 concave, or shaped like cups, urns, goblets, or barrels, the form being in every 

 case produced by training the shoots to a frame-work of rods and hoops. 

 Dwarfs are also trained in the form of globes, balloons, cylinders, low cones, 

 pyramids, triangles, and sometimes with the branches in regular stages 

 like a girandole. Most of these forms are also capable of being varied by 

 training the shoots which compose their form vertically, horizontally, ob- 

 liquely, or spirally ; and also by tying down the current year's shoots as 

 soon as they have ceased elongating, in the manner of quenouille training, to 

 be afterwards described. All dwarfs, whether to be left to nature or trained 

 artificially, are grafted on stocks naturally of humble growth; such as the 

 quince or the mountain-ash for the pear, the doucin or paradise for the 

 apple, the Mahaleb for the cherry, the myrobolan or the sloe for the 

 plum, &c. 



795. Spiral cylinders. Of all these different modes of training dwarfs, 

 that which best deserves adoption in a small garden is the spiral cylinder, 

 the training of which is thus described by Mr. Hay ward : " Prune and 

 manage the tree so that it shall form from three to six branches of as nearly 

 equal size as possible, within about six or eight inches of the ground, as in fig. 

 272 ; and as soon as the branches are grown from three to five feet long, fix six 

 rods or stakes into the earth for supporting them, in a circle about the root, as in 



fig. 273, the centre dot marking the root, and the others the 

 rods. Each branch is then to be brought 

 down, and being fixed to the rod near 

 its base, the branch is to be carried 

 round in a spiral manner, on such an 

 elevation as will form an inclination 

 of about fifteen degrees, and each 

 branch is to be fixed in the same 

 manner, one after another; thus all ing, plan. 



Fig 272. Spiral train- will move in the same direction, one above the other, like 

 ing, first stage. so man y cork-screws following in the same course, as 



shown in fig. 274. As from this position of the branches the point bud of each 



