TRAINING. 361 



attained the height required, or which the kind of tree is calculated to 



attain, 



798. Conical standards, or, as they are erroneously called, pyramidal 

 standards, may be pro- 

 duced from trees par- 

 tially spurred-in ; but 

 the most general mode 

 is to cut in the side 

 branches, as shown in 

 fig. 278, which repre- 

 sents several successive 

 stages ; while fig. 279 

 shows the tree brought 

 to its regular shape; 

 and fig. 280, the same 

 tree with the branches 

 of the current year tied 

 down in the quenouille 

 manner. The best ex- 

 ample of this mode of 

 training which we have 



the Horticultural So- 

 ciety's garden in 1830; and in France, Fi - ^ Quenouille training, progressive 

 in the Royal .Kitchen Garden at Ver- 

 sailles, in 1840. There were in the latter garden, in that year, two hundred 

 trees trained hi the conical manner, with the current year's shoots tied down 



en quenouille. They had attained 



the height of from six to twelve 



feet before the branches were bent 



down ; but the effect of this was 



to cover the shoots with blossom, 



buds, and to produce most ex- 

 traordinary crops. From the ex- 

 perience of French gardeners, it 



would appear that trees trained 



in the conical manner and en 



quenouille do not last longer than 



ten or twelve years. Copper wire 



is used for tying down the 



branches, and the lower ends of 



the wires are attached to the 



stouter branches, to the main 



stem, to hooked pegs stuck in 



the ground, or to a wooden frame 



fixed a few inches above its sur- 

 face. 



Fig. 279. 



Conical 



7 "' Hayward's quenouille pig 



conical training com- training. Take a plant With W uh the summer shoots 

 pleted. f our or five Strong shoots of tied down. 



three feet or four feet long, on a stem of four feet or more high 



